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# Science Fair Project Encyclopedia

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# 1 E19 s and more

(Redirected from 1 E19 s)

To help compare orders of magnitude of different times, this page lists times longer than 1019 seconds (320,000 million years) See also times of other orders of magnitude.

See the article about the ultimate fate of the Universe for more discussion of these issues.

The following times all assume that the Universe is "open":

• 1014 years – the estimated time until low-mass stars cool off. The smallest red dwarf stars are the longest-lived stars, and are believed to have a lifetime of up to 14 trillion years (1.4 x 1013 years). Star formation is expected to cease in galaxies in about 1013 to 1014 years as galaxies are depleted of the gas clouds they need to form stars. The longest-lived stars formed from the last gas clouds will therefore cool off after about 2 x 1014 years.
• 1015 years – the estimated time until planets detach from stars. Whenever two stars pass close to each other, the orbits of the planets can be disrupted and the planets can be ejected from orbit around their parent star. Planets that orbit closer to their stars take longer to be ejected in this manner on average because a passing star must make a closer pass to the planet's star to eject the planet.
• 1019 years – the estimated time until stars detach from galaxies. When two stars pass close enough to each other, the stars exchange orbital energy with lower-mass stars tending to gain energy. The lower-mass stars can gain enough energy in this manner through repeated encounters to be ejected from the galaxy. This process can cause the galaxy to eject the majority of its stars.
• 1020 years – the estimated time until orbits decay by gravitational radiation
• 1030 years – the estimated time until galaxies disappear due to black holes
• 1036 years – the estimated time until proton decay, if GUT is right
• 1064 years – the estimated time until black holes decay by the Hawking process
• 1065 years – the estimated timescale at which all matter is liquid at zero temperature due to tunneling effects
• 10100 years – the estimated time until supermassive black holes decay by the Hawking process
• 101500 years – the estimated time until all matter decays to iron (if the proton does not decay)
• 10100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 years ($10^{10^{26}}$) – low estimate for the time until all matter collapses into black holes
• 1010,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 years ($10^{10^{76}}$) – high estimate for the time until all matter collapses into neutron stars or black holes

03-10-2013 05:06:04