Abu Raihan Al-Biruni (also, Biruni, Alberuni Persian: ابوریحان بیرونی) ; Arabic: أبو الريحان البيروني; (September 15, 973 - December 13, 1048) was a Persian mathematician, astronomer, physicist, scholar, encyclopedist, philosopher, astrologer, traveller, historian, pharmacist and teacher, of Central Asian origin, who contributed greatly to the fields of mathematics, philosophy, medicine and science.

He was born in Khwarazm, presently in Uzbekistan, but then within the borders of Persian Empire. He studied mathematics and astronomy under Abu Nasr Mansur.

He was a colleague of the philosopher and physician Ibn Sina, the historian, philosopher and ethicist Ibn Miskawayh , in a university and science center established by prince Abu Al Abbas Ma'mun Khawarazmshah. He also travelled to India with Mahmud of Ghazni and accompanied him on his campaigns there, learning the language, and studying their religion and philosophy, and wrote Ta'rikh al-Hind ("Chronicles of India"). He also knew the Greek Language , and possibly Syriac and Berber. He wrote his books in Persian (his native tongue) and Arabic.

Some of his notable achievements included:

• At age 17, he calculated the latitude of Kath, Khwarazm, using the maximum altitude of the sun.
• By age 22, he had written several short works, including a study of map projections, "Cartography", which included a methodology for projecting a hemisphere on a plane, .
• By age 27, he had written a book called "Chronology" which referred to other work he had completed (now lost) that included one book about the astrolabe, one about the decimal system, four about astrology, and two about history.
• He calculated the radius of the Earth to be 6,339.6 km (this result was replicated in the West in the 16th century).

Al-Biruni's works number more than 120.

His contributions to mathematics include:

• theoretical and practical arithmetic
• summation of series
• combinatorial analysis
• the rule of three
• irrational numbers
• ratio theory
• algebraic definitions
• method of solving algebraic equations
• geometry
• Archimedes' theorems
• trisection of the angle

His non mathematical works include:

• Critical study of what India says, whether accepted by reason or refused (Arabic تحقيق ما للهند من مقولة معقولة في العقل أم مرذولة) - a compendium of India's religion and philosophy
• The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries (Arabic الآثار الباقية عن القرون الخالية) - a comparative study of calendars of different cultures and civilizations, interlaced with mathematical, astronomical, and historical information.
• The Mas'udi Canon (Arabic القانون المسعودي) - a book about Astronomy, Geography and Engineering, named after Mas'ud, son of Mahmud of Ghazni, to whom he dedicated
• Understanding Astrology (Arabic التفهيم لصناعة التنجيم) - a question and answer style book about mathematics and astronomy, in Arabic and Persian
• Pharmacy - about drugs and medicines
• Gems (Arabic الجماهر في معرفة الجواهر) about geology, minerals, and gems, dedicated to Mawdud son of Mas'ud
• Astrolabe
• A historical summary book
• History of Mahmud of Ghazni and his father
• History of Khawarazm

See also

• List of Persian scientists

External links

• A biography of Al Biruni
• Extensive biography on Biruni
• Arabic biography of Al Biruni
• Persian biography of Al Biruni