Alexandru Maghiloman (4 July 1854, Buzău - 10 May 1925, Buzău) was a Romanian Conservative pro-German statesman that served for a short time in 1918 (March - November) as Prime Minister of Romania and had a decisive role in Romania of the World War I.

He studied law in Paris and became a parliamentarian in 1884 and member of the government in 1888. He was a Conservative, favoured the cooperation with Germany and Austria-Hungary and at the beginning of the World War I he favoured neutrality. Romania remained neutral until 1916, when she entered on the Allied side and this was the reason he refused a seat in the Ion Brătianu's liberal government.

After the Germans occupied Bucharest, he remained there as the president of the Romanian Red Cross and acted as a mediator between the German occupation authorities and the Romanian population. He rejected the ideas of the German side of forming a parallel government of King Ferdinand I's government that was moved to Iaşi.

However, since Russia withdrew from the war and the Germans could occupy the rest of Romania, king Ferdinand requested Marghiloman to become a Prime Minister, hoping that with a pro-German Prime Minister it would be easier to make peace with the Germans, knowing that Germany would consider much more important the front of Western Europe.

Indeed, Marghiloman negotiated and signed a peace treaty (known as the Treaty of Bucharest) with the Central Powers on 7 May 1918, which proved to be very punitive and restrictive for Romania. However, this treaty was never ratified. Marghiloman's cabinet fell after the defeat of the Central Powers, on 8 November 1918 and it was replaced quickly with the pro-Allied Brătianu and re-entered the war against Germany on 10 November, a day before the end of the war.

In his private live, Marghiloman was also an enthusiast horse breeder: horses owned by him won 28 times the Romanian Derby.