Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko (7 February 1844 - 15 September 1873) was a Russian naturalist and explorer well known for his travels in central Asia.

He was born at Irkutsk, in Siberia, and after attending the gymnasium of his native town, proceeded to the university of Moscow, for the study more especially of zoology and geology. In 1868 he travelled through Turkestan, the district of the lower Syr-Darya and Samarkand; and shortly after his return he set out for Khokand, where he visited a large portion of territory till then unknown. Soon after his return to Europe he perished on Mont Blanc while engaged in an exploring tour in Switzerland.

Accounts of the explorations and discoveries of Fedchenko have jeen published by the Russian government; his Journeys in Turkestan in 1874, In the Khanat of Khokand in 1875, and Botanical Discoveries in 1876.

The Fedchenko Glacier in the Pamirs is named after him, as is the asteroid 3195 Fedchenko .

See Petermanns Mittheilungen (1872-1874).