The anovulatory cycle is characterized by varying degrees of menstrual intervals and the absence of ovulation and a luteal phase . In the absence of ovulation, there will be infertility.

Patterns

While the normal menstrual cycle in the human typically lasts 4 weeks (28 days, range 21-35 days) and consists of a follicular phase , ovulation, and a luteal phase , followed either menstruation or pregnancy, the anovulatory cycle has cycle lenghts of varying degrees. In many circumstances, menstrual intervals are prolonged exceeding 35 days leading to oligomenorrhea (cycle >35- 180 days interval), or even longer, amenorrhea. In other cases, menstruation may be fairly regular (eumenorrhea ), or more frequent (intervals < 21 days), or there may be a loss of menstral pattern (menorrhagia, dysfunctional uterine bleeding).

Estrogen Breakthrough Bleeding

Menstrual bleeding in the ovulatory cycle is understood as a result of a decline in progesterone due to the demise of the corpus luteum. It is thus a progesterone withdrawal bleeding. As there is no progesterone in the anovulatory cycle bleeding is caused by the inability of estrogen - that needs to be present to stimulate the endometrium in the first place - to support a growing endometrium. Anovulatory blleding is hence termed estrogen breakthrough bleeding.

Risks

1. Anemia
2. Endometrial cancer
3. Infertility

Diagnosis

A physician needs to investigate for possible causes of anovulation. Common causes are:

1. Polycystic ovary syndrome
2. Hypothalamic dysfunction
3. Premenopause
4. Ovulatory dysfunction
5. Thyroid disorders
6. Hyperprolactinemia

With excessive or prolonged bleeding the diagnosis has to be made by a physician on a speedy basis. Exluded need to be other causes of gynecological bleeding , specifically bleeding related to pregnancy, leiomyoma, and cancer of the cervix or uterus.

Management

In many patients anovulatory bleeding can be managed with the use of cyclic progesterone or progestin supplementation or use of birth control pills.

See also

• Menstrual cycle
• Ovulation