Arab Socialism (ar. الاشتراكية العربية, al-ishtirākīya al-‘arabīya) is a political ideology based on an amalgamation of Pan-Arabism and Socialism. Its intellectual and political influence peaked during the 1950s and 60s, when it constituted the ideological basis of the Arab Socialist Ba‘th Party and, to a lesser extent, of the movement of Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt. The concept of Arab Socialism should not be confused with the much broader tradition of socialist thought in the Arab World, which predates Arab Socialism by as much as 50 years.

The term Arab Socialism itself was coined by Michel ‘Aflaq, one of the founders of the Ba‘th party, in order to distinguish his version of socialist ideology from Marxist socialism and the other types of socialism that developed in European and Western countries, and to highlight its authenticity and originality. To ‘Aflaq, Arab Socialism was a necessary consequence of the quest for Arab unity and freedom, as only a socialist system of property and development would overcome the social and economic legacy of colonialism. At the same time, he vigorously rejected orthodox Marxism, considering its materialist, internationalist and atheist foundations ill-adapted to the Arab situation.

While Arab Socialism endorsed much of the economic and social programme of Soviet-style socialism, its divergent intellectual and spiritual foundations imposed some limits on its revolutionary potential: The ownership of the means of production was to be nationalized, but only within the constraints of traditional values such as private property and inheritance. "Primitive" social structures such as feudalism, nomadism, tribalism and religious factionalism were to be overcome, but not at the cost of severing the social ties that constituted the Arab identity.

Arguably, the most notable economic manifestations of Arab Socialism were the land reforms in Egypt (1952), Syria (1963) and Iraq (1970) and the nationalization of major industries and the banking systems in those countries. In Egypt and Syria, many of these policies have since been reversed. They have met with more success in Iraq, possibly due to the country's enormous oil wealth, until the beginning of the Iran-Iraq War in 1980.

As the Ba‘th Parties in both Iraq and Syria were gradually transformed from an ideology-driven liberation movement into an instrument of ethnically defined, totalitarian rule, Arab Socialism lost its political importance. Today, it is politically and intellectually insignificant as a concept, although its leitmotivs of social egalitarianism and of finding a 'third way' between 'egoist' capitalism and 'anti-spiritual' socialism remain important in modern Arab political thought.