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British thermal unit
The British thermal unit (BTU or Btu) is a non-metric unit of energy, used in the United States and, to a lesser extent, the UK (where it is generally only used for heating systems). The SI unit is the joule (J), which is used by most other countries. A BTU is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound avoirdupois of water by one degree Fahrenheit; specifying the temperature range over which this happens leads to a number of slightly different BTU values, varying over a range of about 0.5%:
| Name | Value (J) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 39 °F | ≈ 1059.67 | Uses the calorie value of water at its maximum density (39.1–39.2 °F) |
| Mean | ≈ 1055.87 | Uses a calorie averaged over the 32 °F to 212 °F range |
| IT | ≡ 1055.05585262 | The most widespread BTU, uses the International [Steam] Table (IT) calorie, itself defined for water at 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) by the Fifth International Conference on the Properties of Steam, held in London in July 1956. |
| 59°F | ≡ 1054.804 | Chiefly American. Uses the 15 °C calorie, itself defined as exactly 4185.5 J (Comité international 1950; PV, 1950, 22, 79-80) |
| 60°F | ≈ 1054.68 | Chiefly Canadian |
| 63°F | ≈ 1054.6 | Possibly apocryphal |
| ISO | ≡ 1054.5 | ISO 31 Quantities and units (?) |
| Thermochemical | ≡ 1054.35026444 | (Calculated from 9489.152 380 4 ÷ 9) Uses the thermochemical calorie of exactly 4.184 J |
The BTU is often used to describe the heat value of fuels, or the heating and cooling capacity of a system (such as a barbecue grill).
One BTU is approximately:
- 252–253 cal (calories, small)
- 0.252–0.253 food calorie
- 778–782 ft·lbf (foot-pounds-force)
- 1054-1060 joules
The BTU/hour (BTU per hour) is the unit of power most commonly associated with the BTU.
- 1 horsepower is approximately 2540 BTU/hour
- 1 watt is approximately 3.4 BTU/hour
- 1000 BTU/hour is approximately 293 W
A unit called the quad (short for quadrillion) is defined as 1015 BTUs, which is about 1.055×1018 joules, and the therm is defined in the United States and European Union as 100,000 BTU – but the U.S. uses the BTU59°F whilst the E.C. uses the BTUIT.
The BTU should not be confused with the Board of Trade Unit (B.O.T.U.), which is a much larger quantity of energy.
See also
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