Eastern Orthodox Christianity, or Eastern Orthodoxy, refers primarily to the eastern Christian traditions descending from the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium. It was separated from the Assyrian Church and the Oriental Churches during the christological schisms of the 5th and 6th century. The formal division from the Roman Catholic Church occurred in 1054 in what is known as the East-West Schism.

Like most of the apostolic churches named above it claims to be the 'One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church' and rejects the others' claim to this title. The designation "Orthodox" reflects the additional claim to have retained unchanged the original church traditions of teaching and worship. The Eastern Orthodox churches with the largest number of adherents are the Russian Orthodox and the Romanian Orthodox churches, while the most ancient are the Orthodox Church of Jerusalem, the Orthodox Church of Constantinople, the Orthodox Church of Alexandria, and the Orthodox Church of Antioch.

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Articles in category "Eastern Orthodoxy"