Claudio Aquaviva (September 14, 1543—January 31, 1615) was an Italian churchman, and was the fifth general of the Society of Jesus. He is considered to be one of the greatest leaders, with Jesuit membership increasing from 5,000 to 13,000 during his office.

Claudio was the youngest son of nobleman Giovanni Antonio Donato d'Aragona, the Duke of Atri . He studied Jurisprudence in Perugia, and was appointed as Papal Chamberlain by Pope Pius IV. However, he had heard of the Society of Jesus through his friendship with Francis Borgia and Juan de Polanco , and he decided to join the order in 1567. After completing his studies, he ascended the ranks quickly, and became the provincial superior of Naples and then of Rome. Upon the death of Everard Mercurian in 1581, Claudio was unanimously elected the next General.

During his period as General, Jesuit Missions were set up in Paraguay, and he promoted the Jesuit Missions situated throughout Europe. His defining point came in 1599, when he laid down guidelines for the order in Ratio studiorum. These guidelines form the basis of Jesuit education.