Braces are a collection of brackets (usually with a wire) that are used in orthodontics to correct alignment of teeth in the jaws of humans. Braces are often used to correct underbites, overbites, crooked teeth, and various other cosmetic and functional flaws of teeth. They can be used on one or both jaws, depending on where the flaws occur.

The Procedure

When braces are prescribed by an orthodontist, the molars (whether the first or the second molars) on either side of the jaw/s are first slightly spread out using small rubber bands called spacers/separators. The small gaps between the molars formed by these spacers are needed to fit metal bands (molar bands) onto these molars, which are used as anchors for the braces. To increase comfort, these bands come in different sizes and shapes in order to ensure the best fit. After the bands are fitted, they are then cemented onto the molars, with the wire-holding attachment of the molar bands shielded with wax. A resin-based adhesive or "glue" is placed on the brackets, which are designed to hold wires, to make them stick to the teeth that need to be adjusted. Because this cement is not waterproof until it has hardened, a plastic device is placed over the teeth to shield the brackets and bands from saliva/moisture contamination until the cement has set. Then, a thin orthodontic archwire is run through the brackets and anchored to the metal bands in the rear. To ensure stability, small elastic bands (modules/elastomers) are used to fasten the wire to each bracket, and the wire is bent or tied around the end of the anchor. To push teeth apart, such as to make room for teeth that have been turned sideways or pushed behind the others, small springs of varing lengths are used. Pain or soreness from this procedure will occur, but only for a few days. Periodically the orthodontist will change the wire in order to increase the tension on the teeth. Gradually, the teeth will move into the correct positions and the braces can be eventually removed.

Teeth moved orthodontically are made to shift about 1mm per month. Spaces can be closed with a chain and be closed up within 30 minutes.

Customization

The elastic bands used on the brackets are manufactured in many different colors, so that the person with braces can choose what color or colors he or she wants. Transparent plastic brackets may also be used for an "invisible" effect for those who deem regular metal brackets unsightly. Rubber bands can be selected from a variety of colors. Retainer can be customized with colors and sometimes a decal.

References in Culture

Like eyeglasses, braces used to be seen as "geeky". However (and also like eyeglasses) that stigma is fading. For many Americans, even those without severe bite problems, braces are simply a part of growing up. Additionally, there are a growing number of adults (roughly 25% of braces patients are over 21) wearing braces to correct orthodontic issues.

The Simpsons' episode "Last Exit to Springfield" featured the memorable mantra "Dental Plan... Lisa Needs Braces" as Homer considered the fact that losing his work-based dental plan would force him to pay for Lisa's orthodontic work.