François-Vincent Toussaint (1715-1772) is most famous for his book Les Mœurs (The Manners) published in 1748 and immediately prosecuted and burned by the French court of justice.

He contributed to the first volumes of the Encyclopédie of Jean le Rond d'Alembert and Denis Diderot. With the latter and Marc-Antoine Eidous he had worked before on the French translation of Dr. Robert James A Medicinal Dictionary , London, 1743-1745, fol. 3 vols to Dictionnaire universel de medicine, Paris, 1746-1748, fol. 6 vols.

Besides writing he was a novelist, proof reader, project maker, publisher of magazines and translator. He translated Tobias Smollett's The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle and composed the table of contents for a 1749 edition of L'Esprit des Lois (The Spirit of the Laws ) by Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu.

He was a trained lawyer, yet always meddling in the booktrade. He had luck when Les Mœurs came out, because he knew some high official, the minister of the Navy, Maurepas. The book was a scandal (and a huge success, reprinted 13 times in the very first year) because of several reasons, amongst which a portrait which people believed to depict the oversanctimonious queen Marie Leszczynska.

It was only in 1757 when Toussaint got in problems because of his book. Why did this happen? One the one hand, it was the time when Robert Damiens failed to kill Louis XV of France. On the other hand, Claude Adrien Helvétius legally published his book De l'Esprit in 1758. It was then when the enemies of the Enlightenment saw their chance to destroy the behated Encyclopédists. This was the very moment when Les Mœurs finally came to be known as book which leads way to regicide. Also Toussaint illegally sold 400 exemplaires of an illegal reprint of De l'Esprit .

He left for Bruxelles, and in 1764 moved to Berlin. He had become external member of the Prussian Academy of Science in 1751, but now he was appointed proper member. He published an Éclaircissement (Explanation) of his book Les Mœurs in 1763, in which he showed that every one was mistaken and the book was not at all offensive. Besides that he worked as a teacher in Frederick II of Prussias newly founded military school.

When he died in 1772, he was quite poor, leaving behind a wife and several children.

As for Les Mœurs, even if it was his biggest success, he felt sorry for having written it almost all his life. Parts of the book were re-used in several articles of the Encyclopédie.

Literature

A short summary is to be found in

• The Encyclopedists as individuals: a biographical dictionary of the authors of the Encyclopédie by Frank A. Kafker and Serena L. Kafker. Published 1988 in the Studies of Voltaire and the Eighteenth century. ISBN 0-7294-0368-8

It is basically an excerpt of a more extended discussion, the unpublished thesis of

• Margaret Elinor Adams: François Vincent Toussaint: Life and Works. Dissertation, Boston University Graduate School 1966.

She also corrects lots of flaws and errors in the other bigger research on Toussaint by

• Toussaint, François-Vincent: Anecdotes curieuses de la cour de France sous la régne de Louis XV. Texte original publié pour la première fois avec une notice et des annotations par Paul Fould. Paris: Plon 1905.

External links

• For a bibliography of Les Mœurs see http://www.encore.at/toussaint/lesmoeurs.html
• For an unpublished letter see http://www.encore.at/toussaint
• For his speeches at the Prussian Academy see http://www.bbaw.de/bibliothek/digital/index.html
• A summary in German and a picture of a titlepage of Les Mœurs to be found at http://ub-dok.uni-trier.de/argens/pic/pers/Toussaint.php