Heinrich Raspe (1204 - February 16, 1247) became Landgraf, or count, of Thuringia in north-central Germany in 1227; he later became king in 1246-1247 in opposition to Conrad IV.

In Thuringia, Heinrich initially was regent for his under-age nephew Hermann II, but he managed to expel his nephew and the boy's mother from the line of succession and in about 1231 formally succeeded his brother Ludwig IV , who had died on a crusade, as count.

In 1242 Heinrich, together with Wenceslaus I of Bohemia, was selected by Friedrich II to be trustee of the empire for Frederick's under-age son Konrad (Conrad IV). After the papal ban on Frederick imposed by Pope Innocent IV in 1245, Raspe changed sides, and on 22nd of May 1246 he was elected king, with strong papal prodding, in opposition to Frederick, with the derogarory monicer of "Pfaffenkönig" (papal king). In the battle of Nidda in August 1246, Heinrich defeated Konrad, but he died several months later on the Wartburg near Eisenach.