Henri Milne-Edwards (October 23, 1800 - July 29, 1885) was an eminent French zoologist.

Milne-Edwards, was the 27th child of an English father Wiliam Edwards and a French mother Elisabeth Vaux. He was born in Bruges, now in Belgium, but then part of the newborn French Republic. His father was jailed for several years (for helping some Englishmen in their escape to their country). Henri spent most of his life in France. He was brought up in Paris by his older brother William Edwards, a physiologist. His father was released after the fall of Napoleon. The whole family then moved to Paris.

At first he turned his attention to medicine, in which he graduated as an MD at Paris in 1823. His passion for natural history soon prevailed, and he gave himself up to the study of the lower forms of animal life. He became a student of Georges Cuvier and befriended Jean Victoire Audouin.

He married Laura Trézel. They had nine children, among which Alphonse Milne-Edwards.

One of his earliest papers (Recherches anatomiques sur les crustaces), which was presented to the French Academy of Sciences in 1829, formed the theme of an elaborate and eulogistic report by Cuvier in the following year. It embodied the results of two dredging expeditions undertaken by him and his friend Audouin during 1826 and 1828 in the neighbourhood of Granville , and was remarkable for clearly distinguishing the marine fauna of that portion of the French coast into four zones.

He became professor of hygiene and natural history in 1832 at the Collège Central des Arts et Manufactures. In 1841, after the death of Audouin, he succeeded him at the chair of entomology at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. In 1862 he succeeded Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in the long-vacant chair of zoology.

Much of his original work was published in the Annales des sciences naturelles, with the editorship of which he was associated from 1834. Of his books may be mentioned the Histoire naturelle des Crustacés (3 vols., 1837-1841), which long remained a standard work; Histoire naturelle des coralliaires, published in 1858-1860, but begun many years before; Leçons sur la physiologie et l'anatomie comparée de l'homme et des animaux (1857-1881), in 14 volumes; and a little work on the elements of zoology, originally published in 1834, but subsequently remodelled, which enjoyed an enormous circulation.

The Royal Society in 1856 awarded him the Copley Medal in recognition of his zoological investigations. He died in Paris. His son, Alphonse Milne-Edwards (1835-1900), who became professor of ornithology at the museum in 1876, devoted himself especially to fossil birds and deep-sea exploration.

Originally the name Milne was one of the first names of Henri, but, to avoid confusion with his numerous relatives, he added it to his surname Edwards. He usually wrote it as Milne Edwards, while his son Alphonse always used Milne-Edwards. In taxon authorship, the hyphenated name Milne-Edwards is most often used for both father and son.

The name of Henri Milne-Edwards is honored in several names of genera and species, such as  :

• Edwardsia de Quatrefages, 1841
• Henricia J.E. Gray, 1840
• Glossocephalus milneedwardsi Bovallius, 1887
• Milnesium Doyère, 1840
• Milneedwardsia Bourguignat, 1877
• Goniastria edwardsi Chevalier, 1971