Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
IPA in Unicode
The International Phonetic Alphabet can be represented in Unicode, with symbols not used in other alphabets assigned range U+0250–02AD. The following is a representation of the IPA chart encoded in Unicode.
There also exist systems for representing the information contained in IPA in ASCII, including SAMPA, Kirshenbaum and other ad hoc systems to work around the difficulty of displaying IPA on computers.
See also: Table of Unicode characters, 128 to 999, Unicode and HTML
| Contents |
Consonants (pulmonic)
| Blab. | Ldent. | Dent. | Alv. | Palv. | Ret. | Pal. | Velar | Uvular | Phar. | Glot. | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | b | t | d | [[voiceless retroflex plosive|]] | ɖ | c | ɟ | k | g | q | ɢ | ʔ | |||||||||
| Nasal | m | ɱ | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ɴ | |||||||||||||||
| Trill | ʙ | r | ʀ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Tap or Flap | ɾ | ɽ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Fricative | ɸ | β | f | v | θ | ð | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | h | ɦ |
| Lateral Fricative | ɬ | ɮ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Approximant | ʋ | ɹ | ɻ | j | ɰ | |||||||||||||||||
| Lateral Approximant | l | ɭ | ʎ | ʟ | ||||||||||||||||||
- Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant.
- Shaded areas indicate articulations judged impossible.
Consonants (non-pulmonic)
| Clicks | Voiced implosives | Ejectives | |||
| ʘ | Bilabial | ɓ | Bilabial | ʼ | For example: |
| ǀ | Dental | ɗ | Dental/alveolar | pʼ | Bilabial |
| ǃ | Alveolar (retroflex) | ʄ | Palatal | tʼ | Dental/alveolar |
| ǂ | Palatoalveolar (alveolar) | ɠ | Velar | kʼ | Velar |
| ǁ | Alveolar lateral (lateral) | ʛ | Uvular | sʼ | Alveolar fricative |
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i • y | ɨ • ʉ | ɯ • u | ||
| ɪ • ʏ | ʊ | ||||
| Close-mid | e • ø | ɘ • ɵ | ɤ • o | ||
| ə | |||||
| Open-mid | ɛ • œ | ɜ • ɞ | ʌ • ɔ | ||
| æ | ɐ | ||||
| Open | a • ɶ | ɑ • ɒ |
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.
Other symbols
| ʍ | Voiceless labial-velar fricative |
| w | Voiced labial-velar approximant |
| ɥ | Voiced labial-palatal approximant |
| ʜ | Voiceless epiglottal fricative |
| ʢ | Voiced epiglottal fricative |
| ʡ | Epiglottal plosive |
| ɕ ʑ | Alveolo-palatal fricatives |
| ɺ | Alveolar lateral flap |
| ɧ | Simultaneous ʃ and x |
Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary, or represented by a ligature in the case of the six commonest affricates:
| Ligature | Tie bar | Description |
|---|---|---|
| ʦ | t͡s | voiceless alveolar affricate |
| ʧ | t͡ʃ | voiceless post-alveolar affricate |
| ʨ | t͡ɕ | voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate |
| ʣ | d͡z | voiced alveolar affricate |
| ʤ | d͡ʒ | voiced post-alveolar affricate |
| ʥ | d͡ʑ | voiced alveolo-palatal affricate |
| – | k͡p | double articulation of k and p |
Due to a bug in the font Arial Unicode MS, these incorrectly formed character combinations may look better in your browser: ts͡ tʃ ͡ tɕ͡ dz͡ dʒ͡ dʑ͡ kp͡ .
Suprasegmentals
| ˈ | Primary stress |
| ˌ | Secondary stress |
| ː | Long |
| ˑ | Half-long |
| ˘ | Extra-short |
| . | Syllable break |
| | | Minor (foot) group |
| ‖ | Major (intonation) group |
| ‿ | Linking (absence of a break) |
Tones and word accents
| e̋ or ˥ | Extra high |
| é or ˦ | High |
| ē or ˧ | Mid |
| è or ˨ | Low |
| ȅ or ˩ | Extra low |
| ě | Rise |
| ê | Fall |
| ↓ | Downstep |
| ↑ | Upstep |
| ↗ | Global rise |
| ↘ | Global fall |
Note: Unicode does not support most IPA symbols for non-flat tones. To represent those, one possibility is to use numbers in the subscript, e.g. /e53/ for a high falling /e/. Another possibility is to use the "Box Drawings" in Unicode, e.g. /e┒/ for a high flat /e/.
Diacritics
Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, i.e. ŋ̊
| n̥ d̥ | Voiceless | b̤ a̤ | Breathy voiced | t̪ d̪ | Dental |
| s̬ t̬ | Voiced | b̰ a̰ | Creaky voiced | t̺ d̺ | Apical |
| tʰ dʰ | Aspirated | t̼ d̼ | Linguolabial | t̻ d̻ | Laminal |
| ɔ̹ | More rounded | tʷ dʷ | Labialized | ẽ | Nasalized |
| ɔ̜ | Less rounded | tʲ dʲ | Palatalized | dⁿ | Nasal release |
| u̟ | Advanced | tˠ dˠ | Velarized | dˡ | Lateral release |
| i̠ | Retracted | tˁ dˁ | Pharyngealized | d̚ | No audible release |
| ë | Centralized | l̴ | Velarized or pharyngealized | ||
| e̽ | Mid-centralized | e̝ | Raised (ɹ̝ = voiced alveolar fricative) | ||
| ɹ̩ | Syllabic | e̞ | Lowered (β̞ = voiced bilabial approximant) | ||
| e̯ | Non-syllabic | e̘ | Advanced tongue root | ||
| ɚ | Rhoticity | e̙ | Retracted Tongue Root | ||
(Extended IPA for disordered speech.)
| s͍ | Labial spreading | Strong articulation | m͊ | Denasal | |
| v͆ | Dentolabial | v͉ | Weak articulation | v͋ | Nasal escape |
| Interdental/bidental | Reiterated articulation | s͌ | Velopharyngeal friction | ||
| s͇ | Alveolar | s͎ | Whistled articulation | Ingressive airflow | |
| s̼ | Linguolabial | s͢θ | Sliding articulation | Egressive airflow |
See also
External links
- International Phonetic Alphabet in Unicode
- IPA chart - in glorious Technicolor Unicode
- An introduction to the sounds of languages
- IPA Chart in Unicode and XHTML/CSS
Special characters
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