Jaan Kross (born 19 February 1920) is the most eminent contemporary Estonian writer.

Born in Tallinn, he attended the University of Tartu, graduated from its School of Law in 1944, and taught there as a lecturer until 1946 (and again as Professor of Artes Liberales in 1998). He was arrested by the Nazis in 1944 and by the Soviets in 1946, who deported him to Siberia, where he remained in the Gulag until 1954. Upon his return to Estonia, then a Soviet republic, he became a professional writer.

Kross is by far the most translated and nationally as well as internationally best-known Estonian writer. He was nominated several times for the Nobel Prize in Literature and holds several honorary doctorates and international decorations, including the highest Estonian and one of the highest German orders.

Kross' novels (and short stories) are almost universally historical; indeed, he is often credited with a significant rejuvenation of the genre of the historical novel. Most of his works take place in Estonia and deal, usually, with the relationship of Estonians and Baltic Germans and Russians as well. Very often, Kross' description of the historical struggle of the Estonians against the Baltic Germans, however, was actually a metaphor for the contemporary struggle against the Soviet occupation. However, Kross' acclaim internationally (and nationally even after the regaining of Estonian independence) show that his novels also deal with topics beyond such concerns; rather, they deal with questions of mixed identities, loyalty, and belonging.

Generally, The Czar's Madman has been considered Kross' best novel; it is also the most translated one. Also well-translated is Professor Martens' Departure, which because of its subject matter (academics, expertise, and national loyalty) is very popular in academe and an important "professorial novel". The earlier Excavations, dealing with the "defrosting" period after Stalin's death as well as with the Danish conquest of Estonia in the early Middle Ages, and today considered by several critics as his finest, has not been translated into English yet; it is however available in German.

Works by Jaan Kross

• Kolme katku vahel (Between Three Plagues, 1970)
• Keisri hull (The Czar's Madman, 1978)
• Professor Martensi ärasõit (Professor Martens' Departure, 1984)
• Wikmani poisid (The Wikman Boys, 1988)
• Väljakaevamised (Excavations, 1990)
• Mesmeri ring (Mesmer's Circle, 1995)
• Tahtamaa (2001)
• Paigallend (Treading Air , 2002)
• Kallid kaasteelised (Dear Co-travellers, 2003)
• Omaeluloolisus ja alltekst (Autobiographism and Subtext, 2003)
• Vandenõu (The Conspiracy and other stories)