Jan Evangelista Purkinje (also spelled Purkyně ) (1787 - 1869) was a Czech anatomist, patriot, and physiologist.

He was born in Libochovice , Bohemia on the 17th December 1787. In 1819 he graduated from the University of Prague with a degree in medicine, where he was appointed a Professor of Physiology after writing his doctoral dissertation. Working at the university, he discovered the Purkinje effect, whereby as light intensity decreases red objects seem to fade faster than blue objects of the same brightness. He published two volumes Observations and Experiments Investigating the Physiology of Senses and New Subjective Reports about Vision, which contributed to the emergence of the science of experimental psychology. He created the world's first Department of Physiology at the University of Breslau in Prussia in 1839 and the world's first official physiology laboratory in 1842.

He is best known for his 1837 discovery of Purkinje cells , large neurons with many branching fibres found in the cerebral cortex. He is also known for his discovery, in 1839 of Purkinje fibres, the fibrous tissue that conducts electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node to all parts of the ventricles of the heart. He also introduced the scientific terms plasma (for the component of blood left when the suspended cells have been removed) and protoplasm (the substance found inside cells). Yet another discovery of his is the Purkinje effect.

Purkinje was the first to use a microtome to make wafer thin slices of tissue for microscopic examination and was among the first to use an improved version of the compound microscope. He described the effects of camphor, opium, belladonna and turpentine on humans in 1829, discovered sweat glands in 1833 and recognised fingerprints as a method of indentification in 1823.

He died at the age of 82 on the 28th July, 1869.