Kung-ekoka or !Xũ or !Kung as it is often spelled in English, is a Northern Khoisan language of Namibia, Angola, and Botswana. Its SIL code is KNW. In total, it has about 5,000 speakers. It might be the same as 'Akhoe or Vasekela. It possesses no labial click, typical of the Southern Khoisan languages.

Classification

Kung-ekoka is a Northern Southern African language, of the Khoisan family. It may be the same language as 'Akhoe and/or Vasekela.

Geographic distribution

Kung-ekoka is spoken in Namibia, Angola and Botswana, generally around the Okavango River and Ovamboland Territory .

Sounds

Phonemic contrasts in Kung-ekoka include the following:

• Pulmonic - click - twa to finish vs ‡wa to imitate
  • Pulmonic consonants
    • Voiced - voiceless unaspirated - voiceless aspirated stop: da skin, ta wild orange, t^ha bee sting
    • Voiced - voiceless unaspirated - voiceless aspirated - ejective affricate: djau expression of surprise, tca to fetch, ts^he week, tc'a to pour
    • Voiced - voiceless fricative: za to sexually insult, se to see
  • Click consonants
    • Voiced unaspirated - voiced aspirated: g!ai~ puff adder, g!^hei~ tree
    • Voiceless unaspirated - voiceless aspirated: !e~ noise, !^ha~ to know
    • Unaffricated - affricated release: !o behind, !xo elephant
    • Plain - glottalised release: !ábí to roll up a blanket, !?àbú rifle
    • Plain - nasalised: |i rhinoceros, n|i to sit
• Vowels
  • Plain - nasalised: g!a rain, g!a~ red
  • Plain - pharyngealised: n|om springhare, n|om big talker
  • Short - long: |u to throw, |u: to put in

Kung-ekoka, like most other Khoisan languages, possesses click consonants. In contrast to some other Khoisan languages, though, it contains no labial click. Kung-ekoka also distinguishes three to five levels of tone.

Grammar

Linguistically, Kung-ekoka is generally termed isolating; what this means is that words' meanings are changed by the addition of other, separate words, rather than by the addition of affixes or the changing of word structure. A few suffixes exist - for example, distributive plurals are formed with the noun suffix -si or -mhi, but in the main meaning is given only by series of words rather than by grouping of affixes.

Kung-ekoka distinguishes no formal plural, and the suffixes -si and -mhi are optional in usage. The language's word order is Adverb-Subject-Verb-Object, and in this it is similar to English: "the snake bites the man" is represented by ‡'aama n!ei zhu (‡'aama - snake, n!ei - to bite, zhu - man). Kung-ekoka uses word and sentence tone contours, and has a very finely differentiated vocabulary for the animals, plants and conditions native to the Kalahari Desert, where the language is spoken. For example, the plant genus Grewia is referred to by five different words, representing five different species in this genus.

History

Current status

Kung-ekoka is endangered, along with most other Khoisan languages, because of encroaching Bantu and Khoi cultures. The Herero, Nama and Tswana languages are beginning to be more commonly spoken among the Kung-ekoka, and the hunter-gatherer way of life that is typical of the Khoisan-speaking peoples is being eroded by Bantu and Khoi farming settlements.

See also

• language
• Africa
• !Xu mythology
• !Xu (god)

External link

• The Ethnologue Report for Kung-ekoka
• Word list