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List of adjectival forms of place names

The following is a partial list of adjectival forms of place names in English and their demonymic equivalent, which denotes the people or the inhabitants of the place.

Note: Demonyms are given in plural form. Singular forms simply remove the final 's' or, in the case or -ese endings, are the same as the plural form. The ending -men has feminine equivalent -women (e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman). The French terminations -ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine; adding 'e' (-oise / aise) make them singular feminine; 'es' (-oises / aises) make them plural feminine.

Adjectives ending -ish can be used as collective demonyms (e.g. the English, the Cornish). So can those ending in -ch / -tch (e.g. the French, the Dutch) provided they are pronounced with a 'ch' sound (e.g. the adjective Czech does not qualify).

Contents

1 Nations

2 Cities

3 U.S. states

4 Canadian provinces and territories

5 Australian states

6 Extinct nations & regions

7 Miscellaneous regions

8 Continents

9 Planets

10 See also

Nations

(Currently extant nations)

Nation	Adjective	Demonym
Afghanistan	Afghan	Afghans
Albania	Albanian	Albanians
Algeria	Algerian	Algerians
American Samoa	American Samoan	American Samoans
Andorra	Andorran	Andorrans
Angola	Angolan	Angolans
Anguilla	Anguillan	Anguillans
Antigua	Antiguan	Antiguans
Argentina	Argentinian or Argentine	Argentinians or Argentines
Armenia	Armenian	Armenians
Australia	Australian	Australians
Austria	Austrian	Austrians
Azerbaijan	Azerbaijani or Azeri	Azerbaijanis or Azeris
Bahamas	Bahamian	Bahamians
Bahrain	Bahraini	Bahrainis
Bangladesh	Bangladeshi	Bangladeshis
Barbados	Barbadian or Bajan (colloquial)	Barbadians or Bajans (colloquial)
Barbuda	Barbudan	Barbudans
Belarus	Belarusian	Belarusians
Belgium	Belgian	Belgians
Belize	Belizean	Belizeans
Benin	Beninese or Beninois	Beninese or Beninois
Bermuda	Bermudian	Bermudians
Bhutan	Bhutanese	Bhutanese
Bolivia	Bolivian	Bolivians
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Bosnian, Herzegovinian	Bosnians, Herzegovinians
Botswana	Motswana (plural: Batswana)	Motswana (plural: Batswana)
Brazil	Brazilian	Brazilians
British Virgin Islands	British Virgin Islander	British Virgin Islanders
Brunei	Bruneian	Bruneians
Bulgaria	Bulgarian	Bulgarians
Burkina Faso(1)	Burkinabe	Burkinabe
Burundi	Burundian	Burundians
Cambodia	Cambodian	Cambodians
Cameroon	Cameroonian	Cameroonians
Canada	Canadian	Canadians, Canucks (colloquial, sometimes offensive)
Cape Verde	Cape Verdean	Cape Verdeans
Cayman Islands	Caymanian	Caymanians
Central African Republic	Central African	Central Africans
Chad	Chadian	Chadians
Chile	Chilean	Chileans
China	Chinese	Chinese
Christmas Island	Christmas Island	Christmas Islanders
Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos Islander	Cocos Islanders
Colombia	Colombian	Colombians
Comoros	Comoran	Comorans
Congo (Kinshasha & Brazzaville)	Congolese or Congo	Congolese
Cook Islands	Cook Islander	Cook Islanders
Costa Rica	Costa Rican	Costa Ricans
Côte d'Ivoire	Ivorian	Ivorians
Croatia	Croatian	Croatians or Croats
Cuba	Cuban	Cubans
Cyprus	Cypriot	Cypriots
Czech Republic	Czech	Czechs
Denmark	Danish	Danes
Dominica	Dominican	Dominicans
Dominican Republic	Dominican	Dominicans
East Timor	Timorese	Timorese
Ecuador	Ecuadorian	Ecuadorians
Egypt	Egyptian	Egyptians
El Salvador	Salvadoran or Salvadorian or Salvadorean	Salvadorans
England	English	Englishmen
Equatorial Guinea	Equatorial Guinean or Equatoguinean	Equatorial Guineans or Equatoguineans
Eritrea	Eritrean	Eritreans
Estonia	Estonian	Estonians
Ethiopia	Ethiopian	Ethiopians
Falkland Islands	Falkland Island	Falkland Islanders
Fiji	Fijian	Fijians
Finland	Finnish	Finns
France	French	Frenchman
French Guiana	French Guianese	French Guianese
French Polynesia	French Polynesian	French Polynesian
Gabon	Gabonese	Gabonese
Gambia	Gambian	Gambians
Georgia	Georgian	Georgians
Germany	German	Germans
Ghana	Ghanaian	Ghanaians
Gibraltar	Gibraltar	Gibraltarians
Great Britain	British	Briton
Greece	Greek, Grecian (rare)	Greeks, Grecians (archaic)
Greenland	Greenlandic	Greenlanders
Grenada	Grenadian	Grenadians
Guadeloupe	Guadeloupe	Guadeloupians
Guam	Guamanian	Guamanians
Guatemala	Guatemalan	Guatemalans
Guernsey	Channel Islander	Channel Islanders
Guinea	Guinean	Guineans
Guinea-Bissau	Guinean	Guineans
Guyana	Guyanese	Guyanese
Haiti	Haitian	Haitians
Hong Kong	Hong Kong/Chinese	Hongkongers/Chinese
Honduras	Honduran	Hondurans
Hungary	Hungarian	Hungarians
Iceland	Icelandic	Icelanders
India	Indian	Indians
Indonesia	Indonesian	Indonesians
Iran	Iranian	Iranians
Iraq	Iraqi	Iraqis
Ireland	Irish	Irishmen
Isle of Man	Manx	Manxman
Israel	Israeli	Israelis
Italy	Italian	Italians
Jamaica	Jamaican	Jamaicans
Japan	Japanese	Japanese
Jordan	Jordanian	Jordanians
Kazakhstan	Kazakhstani	Kazakhstanis
Kenya	Kenyan	Kenyans
Kiribati	I-Kiribati	I-Kiribati
Korea, North	North Korean	North Koreans
Korea, South	South Korean	South Koreans
Kuwait	Kuwaiti	Kuwaitis
Kyrgyzstan	Kyrgyzstani	Kyrgyzstanis
Laos	Laotian or Lao	Laotians or Laos
Latvia	Latvian	Latvians
Lebanon	Lebanese	Lebanese
Lesotho	Basotho	Mosotho (plural: Basotho)
Liberia	Liberian	Liberians
Libya	Libyan	Libyans
Liechtenstein	Liechtenstein	Liechtensteiners
Lithuania	Lithuanian	Lithuanians
Luxembourg	Luxembourg	Luxembourger
Macau	Macanese/Chinese	Macanese/Chinese
Macedonia	Macedonian	Macedonians
Madagascar	Malagasy	Malagasy
Malawi	Malawian	Malawians
Malaysia	Malaysian	Malaysians
Maldives	Maldivian	Maldivians
Mali	Malian	Malians
Malta	Maltese	Maltese
Marshall Islands	Marshallese	Marshallese
Martinique	Martiniquais	Martiniquais
Mauritania	Mauritanian	Mauritanians
Mauritius	Mauritian	Mauritians
Mayotte	Mahoran	Mahorais
Mexico	Mexican	Mexicans
Micronesia	Micronesian	Micronesians
Moldova	Moldovan	Moldovans
Monaco	Monegasque or Monacan	Monegasques or Monacans
Mongolia	Mongolian	Mongolians
Montserrat	Montserratian	Montserratians
Morocco	Moroccan	Moroccans
Mozambique	Mozambican	Mozambicans
Myanmar (2)	Myanmari	???
Namibia	Namibian	Namibians
Nepal	Nepali	Nepalese
Netherlands	Dutch	Dutchman
Netherlands Antilles	Dutch Antillean	Dutch Antilleans
New Caledonia	New Caledonian	New Caledonians
New Zealand	New Zealand	New Zealanders or Kiwis (colloquial)
Nicaragua	Nicaraguan	Nicaraguans
Niger	Nigerien	Nigeriens
Nigeria	Nigerian	Nigerians
Norway	Norwegian	Norwegian
Oman	Omani	Omanis
Pakistan	Pakistani	Pakistanis
Panama	Panamanian	Panamanians
Papua New Guinea	Papua New Guinean or Papuan	Papua New Guineans or Papuans
Paraguay	Paraguayan	Paraguayans
Peru	Peruvian	Peruvians
Philippines	Philippine	Filipinos or Filipinas
Pitcairn Island	Pitcairn Islander	Pitcairn Islanders
Poland	Polish	Poles
Portugal	Portuguese	Portuguese
Puerto Rico	Puerto Rican	Puerto Ricans or Boricuas
Qatar	Qatari	Qataris
Réunion	Réunionese	Réunionese
Republic of Ireland (5)	Irish, Republic of Ireland, Southern Irish	Irishmen
Romania	Romanian	Romanians
Russia	Russian	Russians
Rwanda	Rwandan	Rwandans
Saint Helena	Saint Helenian	Saint Helenians
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Kittitian or Nevisian	Kittitians or Nevisians
Saint Lucia	Saint Lucian	Saint Lucians
Saint-Pierre and Miquelon	Saint-Pierrais or Miquelonnais	Saint-Pierrais or Miquelonnais
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Saint Vincentian or Vincentian	Saint Vincentians or Vincentians
Samoa	Samoan	Samoans
San Marino	Sammarinese	Sammarinese
São Tomé and Príncipe	São Toméan	São Toméans
Saudi Arabia	Saudi or Saudi Arabian	Saudis or Saudi Arabians
Scotland	Scottish or Scots	Scots, Scotsmen
Senegal	Senegalese	Senegalese
Serbia and Montenegro	Serbian or Montenegrin	Serbs or Montenegrins
Seychelles	Seychellois	Seychellois
Sierra Leone	Sierra Leonean	Sierra Leoneans
Singapore	Singapore	Singaporeans
Slovakia	Slovak	Slovaks
Slovenia	Slovenian	Slovenes
Solomon Islands	Solomon Islander	Solomon Islanders
Somalia	Somali	Somalis
South Africa	South African	South Africans
Spain	Spanish	Spaniards
Sri Lanka	Sri Lankan	Sri Lankans
Sudan	Sudanese	Sudanese
Surinam	Surinamese	Surinamers
Swaziland	Swazi	Swazis
Sweden	Swedish	Swedes
Switzerland	Swiss	Swiss
Syria	Syrian	Syrians
Taiwan	Taiwanese	Taiwanese
Tajikistan	Tajikistani	Tajikistanis
Tanzania	Tanzanian	Tanzanians
Thailand	Thai	Thai
Togo	Togolese	Togolese
Tonga	Tongan	Tongans
Trinidad and Tobago	Trinidadian or Tobagonian	Trinidadians or Tobagonians
Tunisia	Tunisian	Tunisians
Turkey	Turkish	Turks
Turkmenistan	Turkmen	Turkmens
Turks and Caicos Islands	none	none
Tuvalu	Tuvaluan	Tuvaluans
Uganda	Ugandan	Ugandans
Ukraine	Ukrainian	Ukrainians
United Arab Emirates	Emirati	Emiratis
United Kingdom	British	Briton
United States	American or Union (3)	Americans or Unionists; Yankees or Yanks (colloquial)
Uruguay	Uruguayan	Uruguayans
Uzbekistan	Uzbekistani	Uzbekistanis
Vanuatu	Ni-Vanuatu	Ni-Vanuatu
Venezuela	Venezuelan	Venezuelans
Vietnam	Vietnamese	Vietnamese
Virgin Islands	Virgin Islander	Virgin Islanders
Wales	Welsh	Welshman, Welsh (collective), Leek Eaters (offensive)
Wallis and Futuna	Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Islander	Wallisians, Futunans, or Wallis and Futuna Islanders
Yemen	Yemeni	Yemenis
Zambia	Zambian	Zambians
Zimbabwe	Zimbabwean	Zimbabweans

Cities

City	Adjective	Demonym
Aberdeen, Scotland	Aberdonian	???
Athens	Athenian	Athenians
Baltimore, Maryland, United States	Baltimorean	Baltimoreans
Baton Rouge, Louisiana	Baton Rouge	Baton Rougeans
Berlin	Berlin	Berliners
Birmingham, England	Birminghamian or Brummie	Birminghamians or Brummies
Boston, Massachusetts	Boston, Bostonian	Bostonians
Brisbane, Australia	Brisbane	Brisbanites
Bristol, England	Bristolian	???
Cambridge, England and Cambridge, Massachusetts	Cantabrigian	Cantabridgians
Canberra, Australia	Canberra	Canberrans
Chicago	???	Chicagoans
Cork, Ireland	Cork	Corkonians, Leesiders (colloquial)
Dallas	???	Dallasites
Denver	???	Denverites
Dublin	Dubliner	Dubliners, Dubs (colloquial)
Edmonton, Alberta	???	Edmontonians
Fort Lauderdale		Fort Lauderdaler, Fort Lauderdalian
Galway, Ireland	Galway	Galwegians
Glasgow, Scotland	Glaswegian	Glaswegians
Halifax, Nova Scotia	Haligonian	Haligonians
Hamilton, Ontario	Hamilton, Hamiltonian	Hamiltonians
Honolulu		Honolulan
Houston, Texas	Houston, Houstonian	Houstonians
Iqaluit, Nunavut		Iqalummiut (sg. Iqalummiuq)
Jerusalem	???	Jerusalemites
Kuala Lumpur	Kuala Lumpur	KL-ites (pronounced "kay-el-lites")
Liverpool, England	Liverpudlian	Liverpudlians or Scousers
London	London	Londoners
Los Angeles	Los Angeles	Angelenos
Madrid	Madrilene	Madrileños
Manchester, England	Mancunian	Mancs
Marseilles	Marseillais	Marseillais
Melbourne, Australia	Melbourne	Melburnians
Montreal	Montreal, montréalais	Montrealers, Montréalais
Munich	Münchner	Münchner
Naples, Italy	Neapolitan	Neapolitans
New Orleans	New Orleans	New Orleaners ; Yats (colloquial)
New York City	New York	New Yorker; Gothamite; Knickerbocker
Newcastle, Australia	Novocastrian	Novocastrians
Newcastle, England	Novocastrian	Novocastrians or Geordies
Nice	Niçois	Niçois
Okinawa, Japan	Okinawan	???
Oxford, England	Oxonian	Oxonians (also graduates of Oxford University)
Paris	Parisian	Parisians
Philadelphia	???	Philadelphians
Portland, Oregon	Portlandian	Portlanders
Quebec City	Quebec (English), Quebecois (franglais), québécois (French)	Quebeckers (English), Quebecers (English), Québécois (French), often confounded with residents of the Province of Quebec
Rio de Janeiro	Carioca	Cariocas
Rochester, New York	???	Rochesterians
Rome	Roman	???
Salt Lake City, Utah		Salt Laker
Seattle	Seattle	Seattleites
Sydney, Australia	Sydney	Sydneysiders
Tokyo, Japan	Tokyo	Tokyoites
Toronto	Toronto, Torontonian	Torontonians
Trois-Rivières	Trifluvien(ne,nnes), Trifluvian	Trifluvien(nes,s), Trifluvians
Valencia, Spain	Valencian	???
Vancouver, British Columbia	???	Vancouverites
Venice, Italy	Venetian	???
Victoria, Australia	Victorian	???
Vienna	Viennese	???

U.S. states

American convention states that the -an form is reserved for the demonym, not the adjective. The state name is used attributively as the adjective: Texas cattle, California raisins, Virginia tobacco. This convention is not widely observed by foreigners.

State	Adjective	Demonym
Alabama	Alabamian	Alabamians
Alaska	Alaskan	Alaskans
Arizona	Arizonan	Arizonans
Arkansas	Arkansan	Arkansans
California	Californian	Californians
Connecticut	Connecticut	Connecticuters or Nutmeggers
Florida	Floridian	Floridians
Georgia	Georgian	Georgians
Hawaii	Hawaiian	Hawaiians
Indiana	Indiana	Hoosiers
Illinois	Illinoisan	Illinoisans
Iowa	Iowan	Iowans
Kansas	Kansan	Kansans
Louisiana	Louisiana	Louisianans or Louisianians
Maine	Maine	Mainers or Down Easters
Maryland	Maryland	Marylanders or Free Staters or Old Liners
Massachusetts	Massachusetts	Bay Staters
Michigan	Michigan	Michiganders or Michiganians
Minnesota	Minnesotan	Minnesotans
Nebraska	Nebraskan	Nebraskans
New Jersey	New Jersey	New Jerseyans or New Jerseyites
New York	New York	New Yorkers
Oklahoma	Oklahoman	Oklahomans
Ohio	Ohio	Ohioans
Oregon	Oregonian	Oregonians
Pennsylvania	Pennsylvanian	Pennsylvanians
Rhode Island	Rhode Island	Rhode Islanders
Texas	Texan	Texans
Utah	Utahn, Utahan	Utahns, Utahans
Vermont	Vermont	Vermonters
Virginia	Virginian	Virginians
Washington	Washingtonian	Washingtonians
West Virginia	West Virginian	West Virginians
Wisconsin	Wisconsin	Wisconsinite
Wyoming	Wyoming	Wyomingites

Canadian provinces and territories

Province	Adjective	Demonym
Alberta	Albertan	Albertans
British Columbia	British Columbia	British Columbians
Manitoba	Manitoban	Manitobans
New Brunswick	New Brunswick	New Brunswickers
Newfoundland and Labrador	Newfoundland and Labradorian	Newfoundlanders and Labradorians, Newfoundlanders, Labradorians
Nunavut	Nunavut	Nunavummiut (sg. Nunavummiuq)
Nova Scotia	Nova Scotian	Nova Scotians
Ontario	Ontario	Ontarians
Prince Edward Island	Prince Edward Island, P.E.I., Island	Islanders
Quebec	English: Quebec; French: Québécois (4) (masculine), Québécoise (feminine)	English: Quebecers; French: Québécois
Saskatchewan	Saskatchewan	Saskatchewanians
Yukon	Yukon	Yukoners, Sourdoughs (colloquial)

Australian states

State	Adjective	Demonym
New South Wales	New South Welsh	New South Welshmen, cockroaches (colloquial)
Northern Territory	Northern Territory	Territorians
Queensland	Queensland	Queenslanders, banana benders (colloquial)
South Australia	South Australian	South Australians, crow eaters (colloquial)
Tasmania	Tasmanian	Tasmanians, Taswegians
Western Australia	West Australian	West Australians, sandgropers (colloquial)
Victoria	Victorian	Victorians
Australian Capital Territory	Canberran	Canberrans

Extinct nations & regions

Note: This chart includes: ancient civilisations, former colonies, dissolved countries, renamed countries, annexed countries and secessionist states, among others.

Place name	Adjective	Demonym
Acadia	Acadian	Acadians
Argos	Argive	Argives
Austria-Hungary	Austro-Hungarian	Austro-Hungarians, Austrians, or Hungarians
Babylon	Babylonian	Babylonians
Burma	Burmese	Burmese
Carthage	Carthaginian	Carthaginians
Chechnya	Chechnyan, Chechen	Chechnyan, Chechen
Confederate States of America	Confederate, CSA	Confederates, Confederate Americans ; Rebels or Rebs (colloquial)
Corinth	Corinthian	Corinthians
Crete	Cretan	Cretans
Czechoslovakia	Czechoslovakian, Czechoslovak, Czech (wrong but common)	Czechoslovakians, Czechs (sometimes wrong but common), Slovaks
Locris	Locrian	Locrians
Manchuria	Manchurian	Manchurians
Megara	Megarian	Megarians
Moldovia	Moldovian	Moldovians
Olympia	Olympic	Olympians
Persia	Persian	Persians
Phocis	Phocian	Phocians
Phrygia	Phrygian	Phrygians
Rhodes	Rhodian	Rhodians
Siam	Siamese	Siamese
Soviet Union	Soviet	Soviets
Sparta	Spartan	Spartans
Thebes	Theban	Thebans
Thessaly	Thessalian	Thessalians
Tibet	Tibetan	Tibetans
Transylvania	Transylvanian	Transylvanians
Troy	Trojan	Trojans
Yugoslavia	Yugoslavian	Yugoslavs
Zaire	Zairean	Zaireans

Miscellaneous regions

Place name	Adjective	Demonym
Acadiana	Acadian	Acadianans
Aleutian Islands	Aleut or Aleutian	Aleuts or Aleutians
Alsace	Alsacian	Alsacians
The Americas	American	Americans
Andalusia	Andalusian	Andalusians
Antarctic	Antarctic	???
Aragon	Aragonese	Aragonese
Asturias	Asturian	Asturians
Bali	Balinese	Balinese
Baltic	Baltic	Balts
Bavaria	Bavarian	Bavarians
Basque Country	Basque	Basques
Bohemia	Bohemian	Bohemians
Borneo	Bornean	Borneans
Brittany	Breton	Bretons
Cantabria	Cantabrian	Cantabrians
Canterbury	Cantuarian	Cantuarians
Caribbean	Caribbean	???
Carinthia	Carinthian	Carinthians
Castile	Castilian	Castilians
Catalonia	Catalan or Catalonian	Catalans or Catalonians
Cornwall	Cornish	Cornish (collective)
Corsica	Corsican	Corsicans
Crimea	Crimean	Crimeans
Fife	Fife	Fifers
Flanders	Flemish	Flemings
Galicia	Galician	Galicians
Guiana	Guianan	Guianans
Harrow	Harrovian	???
Hong Kong	Hong Kong	Hong Kongers
Java	Javanese	Javanese
Kashmir	Kashmiran	Kashmiris
Korea	Korean	Koreans
Kosovo and Methohija	Kosovar or Kosovan	Kosovars or Kosovans
Kurdistan	Kurdish	Kurds
Lancashire	Lancastrian	Lancastrians
Lapland	Lapp or Saami	Lapplanders or Saamis
Mediterranean	Mediterranean	???
Melanesia	Melanesian	Melanesians
Murcia	Murcian	Murcians
Nassau	Nassuvian	Nassuvians
Nauru	Naurian	Naurians
Navarre	Navarrese	Navarrese
New England	New England	New Englanders
Normandy	Norman	Normans
Northumberland	Northumbrian	Northumbrians
Nubia	Nubian	Nubians
Orkney Islands	Orcadian	Orcadians
Pacific	Pacific	???
Palestine	Palestinian	Palestinians
Polynesia	Polynesian	Polynesians
Provence	Provençal	???
Sardinia	Sardinian	Sardinians
Saxony	Saxonian	Saxons
Siberia	Siberian	Siberians
Sicily	Sicilian	Sicilians
Tahiti	Tahitian	Tahitians
Tuscany	Tuscan	Tuscans
Upper Peninsula of Michigan	???	Yoopers
Wallonia	Walloon	Walloons
Yorkshire	Yorkshire	Yorkshiremen

Continents

Continent	Adjective	Demonym
Africa	African	Africans
Antarctica	Antarctic	Antarctics
Asia	Asian	Asians
Australia	Australian	Australians
Europe	European	Europeans
North America	North American	North Americans
South America	South American	South Americans

Planets

Planet	Adjective	Demonym
Earth	Earth or World or Terran	Earthlings or Terrans
Jupiter	Jovian	Jovians
Mars	Martian	Martians
Mercury	Mercurian	Mercurians
Neptune	Neptunian	Neptunians
Pluto	Plutonian	Plutonians
Saturn	Saturnian	Saturnians
Uranus	Uranian	Uranians
Venus	Venusian	Venusians

Notes:

(1) Burkina Faso was formerly known as Upper Volta.
(2) Myanmar was formerly known as Burma (Burmese).
(3) In nearly universal use, though many alternative words for American have been proposed.
(4) In English, Quebecer is a general term for anyone from Quebec while Québécois(-e) refers specifically to French-Canadians from Quebec
(5) There is no adjective or demonym explictly for the Republic of Ireland as distinct from the entire island of Ireland. If distinction from Northern Ireland is required, the colloquial Southern Irish, Southerner are often used. Many in the Republic of Ireland dislike this, especially when used by non-Irish people. Alternatively one may use the name of the state attributively (e.g. a Republic of Ireland law), or resort to an adjectival phrase (e.g. a law of the Republic of Ireland).

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