The Madeira River is a major waterway in South America.

It joins the Amazon River 1400 km (870 miles) by river above Pará, and almost rivals it in the volume of its waters. It rises more than 15 m (50 feet) during the rainy season, and vessels may ascend it to the Fall of San Antonio , 1070 km (663 miles) above its mouth; but in the dry months, from June to November, it is only navigable for the same distance for craft drawing about 2 m (from 5 to 6 feet) of water.

According to the treaty of San Ildefonso (1800), the Madeira begins at the confluence of the Guapore with the Mamore . Both of these streams have their headwaters almost in contact with those of the river Paraguay. The junction of the great river Beni with the Madeira is at the Madeira Fall , a vast and grand display of reefs, whirlpools and boiling torrents. Between Guajara-Mirim and this fall, inclusive, the Madeira receives the drainage of the northeastern slopes of the Andes, from Santa Cruz de la Sierra to Cuzco, the whole of the south-western slope of Brazilian Mato Grosso and the northern one of the Chiquitos sierras, an area about equal to that of France and Spain. The waters find their way to the falls of the Madeira by many great rivers, the principal of which, if we enumerate them from east to west, are the Guapore or Itenez , the Baures and Blanco, the Itonama or San Miguel , the Mamore , Beni, and Mayutata or Madre de Dios, all of which are reinforced by numerous secondary but powerful affluents.

All of the upper branches of the river Madeira find their way to the falls across the open, almost level Mojos and Beni plains, 90,000 km² (35,000 square miles) of which are yearly flooded to an average depth of about 3 feet for a period of from three to four months.

A subspecies of Boto (Amazon River Dolphin) is known to inhabit the Madeira river system.