Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR (Военная коллегия Верховного суда СССР) was created in 1924 to the Supreme Court of the USSR as a court for the higher military and political personnel of Red Army and Fleet. In addition it was an immediate supervisor of military tribunals and the supreme authority of military appeals.

During 1926-1948 the Chairman of the Collegium was Vasili Ulrikh.

The role of the Military Collegium drastically changed since June 1934, when it was assigned the duty to consider cases that fell under Article 58, "counter-revolutionary activity".

During the Great Purge of 1937-1938 the Military Collegium as a judicial authority processed only "especially dangerous" cases, the majority of Article 58 cases having been processed extrajudicially by NKVD Troikas and other organs of Soviet political repression. In particular, the Military Collegium was in charge of the major Soviet show trials.