See Mohammad Shah Qajar for the Ruler of Persia.

Muhammad Shah (1702 - 1748) was a Mughal emperor of India between 1719 and 1748. He was the grandson of Bahadur Shah. Ascending the throne at the age of seventeen with the help of the Saiyid brothers , he later got rid of them through revolutions.

During his reign, the Mughal empire eventually broke up into a loosely-knit collection of several regional states, each with its own ruler, thus declining the authority of the emperor into a greater extent.

In February 1739, the Persian emperor, Nadir Shah decided to conquer India. However, contributing to the poor tatctics of countering with Nadir Shah's forces, Muhammad Shah's army was easily defeated, browsing its way into Delhi within a time span of one month, where he had the Khutba read in his name. In the rioting tht followed, more than 30,000 civilians were killed by the Persian troops, forcing Muhammad Shah to beg for mercy.

In response, Nadir Shah agreed to withdraw, but paying the consequence of handing over the keys of his royal treasury, losing even the Peacock Throne to the Persian emperor.