An ovarian cyst is any collection of fluid within the ovary. Some of these, called functional cysts, are part of the normal process of menstruation. Any ovarian follicle that is larger than about 2 centimeters is termed an ovarian cyst. Specific types of cyst include graafian follicles (which may rupture at mid-cycle and cause mittelschmerz) or corpus luteum cysts (which may rupture about the time of menstruation, and take up to three months to disappear entirely). Other cysts are pathological, such as those found in polycystic ovary syndrome, or those associated with tumors.

Symptoms

• Dull pain in the lower abdomen or discomfort
• Fullness or bloating
• Pain during sexual intercourse or exercise
• Irregular periods or spotting
• Change in frequency of urination or difficulty with bowel movements due to pressure on adjacent pelvic anatomy

Treatment

About 95% of ovarian cysts are benign; those that persist beyond two or three menstrual cycles, or occur in post-menopausal women may indicate more serious disease and should be investigated through ultrasonography and laproscopy, especially in cases where other family members have had ovarian cancer. Such cysts may require surgical biopsy. Additionally, a blood test may be taken before surgery to check for elevated CA-125, a tumour marker, which is often in increased levels in ovarian cancer, although it can also be elevated by other conditions.

External links

• Ovarian cysts - a patient's guide
• NHS Encyclopaedia Topic: Ovarian cyst