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The Papaveraceae, or Poppy family, is a family from the order Ranunculales. It comprises 23 genera and about 200 species.

It is a cosmopolitan family occurring in temperate and subtropical climates. They consist of herbaceous plants, but a few are shrubs or small trees. Several species are grown as ornamentals, such as California Poppy (Eschschlotzia california), the Californian state flower. The common poppy or the corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas) is still worn in remembrance of Word War I (see also In Flanders Fields). The Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source of opium.

The plants are laticiferous . All parts contain a well-developed duct system (called laticifers), producing a milky or watery yellow or red juice.

The simple leaves are alternate or sometimes whorled. They have petioles and are not enclosed by a sheath. The leaves are usually lobed or pinnatifid (i.e. consisting of several not entirely separate leaflets), or much-divided. There are no stipules.

The plants are hermaphroditic and are pollinated mostly by insects (even as flower nectaries are lacking) (= entomophilous), a few by the wind ( = anemophilous). There is a distinct calyx and corolla, except in Macleaya where the corolla is lacking. The flowers are medium-sized or large and they look spectacular. The terminal flowers solitary in most species. In others the terminal inflorescence is cymose or racemose. The flowers are odorless and regular.

There are many stamens, mostly 16 to 60, arranged in two separate whorls, the outer one with stamens alternate with the petals, the inner one opposite. The gynoecium consists of a compound pistil with 2 to 100 carpels. The ovary is superior and 1-locular. The ovary is without a footstalk (= sessile) or on a short stem (= stipitate).

The non-fleshy fruit is usually a capsule, breaking open at maturity to release the seeds through pores ( = poricidal), or through the partitions between the cells ( = septicidal), or by means of valves (= valvular). The numerous seeds are small. Their nutritive tissue ( = endosperm) is oily and farinose. The fruit of Platystemon is a schizocarp.

These plants almost all contain alkaloids. Many are poisonous.

Genera

• Arctomecon
• Argemone  : Prickly Poppies
• Bocconia
• Canbya
• Chelidonium
• Dendromecon : Bush Poppies
• Dicranostigma
• Eomecon
• Eschscholzia
• Glaucium
• Hunnemannia  : Mexican Poppies
• Hylomecon
• Macleaya  : Plume Poppies
• Meconella
• Meconopsis  : Blue Poppies
• Papaver
• Platystemon
• Platystigma
• Roemeria
• Romneya
• Sanguinaria
• Stylomecon
• Stylophorum .