Anatolius was Patriarch of Constantinople (449 - 458). He became Patriarch through the influence of Dioscorus of Alexandria with Theodosius II, after the deposition of Flavian by the "Robber Synod ," having previously been the "apocrisiarius" or representative of Dioscorus at Constantinople (Zonaras, Annals, iii).

After his consecration, being under suspicion of Eutychianism (Leo, Epp. ad. Theod. 33 ad Pulch. 35), he publicly condemned the teachings not only of Eutyches, but also of Nestorius, subscribing to the letters of Cyril against Nestorius and of Pope Leo I against Eutyches (Leo, Epp. 40, 41, 48). In conjunction with Pope Leo, according to Zonaras (Annals iii), he requested the emperor Marcian to summon a general council against Dioscorus and the Eutychians, but the imperial letter instructing Anatolius in the preparations for the Council of Chalcedon only mentions Leo (Labbe, Conc. Max. Tom. iv.). In this council Anatolius presided in conjunction with the Roman legates (Labbe, Conc. Max. iv.; Evagr. H. E. ii. 4, 18; Niceph. H. E. xv. 18). By the famous 28th canon, passed at the conclusion of the council, Constantinople was made equal in dignity with Rome (Labbe, iv. 796; Evagr. ii. 18). Hence arose the controversy between Anatolius and the Roman pontiff. Leo complained to Marcian (Ep. 54) and to Pulcheria (Ep. 55) that Anatolius had outstepped his jurisdiction by consecrating Maximinus II as Patriarch of Antioch, as well as protesting to Anatolius (Ep. 53).

Following the council of Chalcedon Anatolius received a letter signed by several Egyptian bishops, asking his assistance against Timothy , who was usurping the Patriarch of Alexandria (Labbe, Conc. Max. iv. iii. 23, p. 897), as a result Anatolius wrote to the emperor Leo against Timothy (Labbe, iii. 26, p. 905). The circular of the emperor requesting the advice of Anatolius on the turbulent state of Alexandria is given by Evagrius (H. E. ii. 9), and by Nicephorus (H. E. xv. 18). Edward Gibbon states that the crowning of Leo on his accession by Anatolius is the first instance of the kind on record (Theophanes, Chronicle p. 95). The followers of Dioscurus are said to have killed him in 458.

He was credited for putting forward a Greek system of hymn.

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