Pedro de Valdivia (c. 1500 - January 1, 1554) was a conquistador of Chile. He was the founder of various cities within the territory, including Santiago, Concepcion, and Valdivia.

Early years

Pedro de Valdivia is believed to have been born in Badajoz, Spain in 1500 (some sources put his date of birth as early as 1497) from a family of nobles. In 1520 he enlisted with the army of Charles V and fought in Flanders in 1521 and Italy between 1522 and 1525. He married Marina Ortiz de Gaete . In 1535 he left her to embark for a voyage to Venezuela.

In 1537 he went to Peru to help Francisco Pizarro in the struggle against Diego de Almagro and won. Afterwards he went with Hernando and Gonzalo Pizarro to conquer both the provinces of Collao and las Charcas in High Peru (currently Bolivia). As compensation for conquering these lands, Valdivia was awarded a silver mine.

The expedition

After the failure of the expedition of Diego de Almagro, Valdivia asked the governor of Peru permission to complete the conquest of the lands south of Peru (known as Nuevo Toledo). He got the permission and was named lieutenant of the Governor, and not Governor as he wanted.

The expedition was fraught with problems from the beginning. Valdivia had to sell the lands that where assigned to him to finance the expedition. A shortage of soldiers and adventurers was also problematic since they were not interested in conquering what they were sure were extremely poor lands.

The expedition left Cuzco in January of 1540 with almost a thousand native Indians and only a few Spanish. En route more Spanish joined the expedition. These conquistadores had formed part of the failed campaigns to the highlands of Bolivia. All in all around 150 Spanish joined the expedition of Valdivia.

He followed the desert route of Atacama, the same route that Almagro had followed back to Peru. When they arrived at the valley of Copiapo Valdivia took possession of the land in the name of the king. Soon thereafter they continued south and in December of the same year they arrived in the valley of the Mapocho River, where they finally decided to establish a permanent settlement.

Foundation of Santiago

On February 12, 1541 Pedro de Valdivia founded Santiago, Chile. The ceremony was held at the foot of Huelén hill (now known as Cerro Santa Lucia, Santa Lucía Hill).

One of the first orders Valdivia gave was to search for gold in the Marga Marga mines and developing a courier service to Peru.He knew about this gold mines by the word of a captured chief called Michima Lonco.

Destruction of Santiago

After an apparently peaceful period of coexistence, local Indians led by Michimalonco attacked the new village of Santiago, on 11th of September 1541. Valdivia was not in the village at the time, and the defense of the city was led by Inés Suárez.

This event meant a substantial setback for the conquest of the Chilean territory, since rebuilding could only start in 1543 with the arrival of new supplies.

New Initiatives

In September of 1543 new arms, clothes and other equipment arrived from Peru on the ship Santiaguillo. Valdivia then sent an expedition north, led by Juan Bohén . This expedition, founded La Serena halfway between Santiago and the northern Atacama desert, in the valley of Coquimbo.

In February of 1546 Valdivia, accompanied by 70 men, traveled south. He got to the Bio-Bio River where he planned to found another town. However, the hostility of the indigenous people forced him to return to Santiago in March of 1547.

In 1547 and 1548 Valdivia was in Peru to gather more resources and men. While he was there he fought in the battle of Xaquixahuana. As recognition for his services the then Viceroy of Peru gave Valdivia the title of Governor.

Between 1549 and 1553, Valdivia again undertook the conquest of southern Chile, but faced heavy resistance from the indigenous Indians. In spite of the resistance, in 1550 he got to the Bio-Bio zone, where after winning a battle against the local natives, he founded Concepción. He later founded the more southern villages of La Imperial, Valdivia and Villarica among others.

The uprising of 1553

After a brief stay in Santiago, Valdivia returned to the south again in December of 1552. To keep the connection open between Concepción and the southern settlements Valdivia had a number of forts built in the coastal mountain range. One of the first signs that a big rebellion was building was in the attack on the fort of Tucapel. Valdivia decided to personally inspect the fort, but the indigenous forces attacked when the party was near the fort and Valdivia was captured. According to legend, he was beaten to death, impaled on a stake, and his heart was cut into pieces and eaten.

His career and death are part of the epic poem La Araucana by Alonso de Ercilla.

See also

• Lautaro