Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix (29 October 1682 - 1 February 1761) was a French Jesuit traveller and historian distinguished as the first historian of New France.

He was born at St Quentin. At the age of sixteen he entered the Society of Jesus; and at the age of twenty-three was sent to Canada, where he remained for four years as professor at Quebec. He then returned and became professor of belles lettres at home, and travelled on the errands of his society in various countries.

In 1720-1722, under orders from the regent, he visited America for the second time, and went along the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River. In later years (1733-1755) he was one of the directors of the Journal de Trewux . He died at La Fleche in February 1761.

His works, enumerated in the Bibliographie des Prers de la Compagnie de Jesus (by Carlos Sommervogel ), fall into two groups. The first contains his Histoire de l'etablissement, du progres et de la decadence du Christianisme dans I'empire du Japan (Rouen, 1715; English trans. History of the Church of Japan, 1715), and his Histoire et description generate du Japan (1736), a compilation chiefly from Kampfer . The second group includes his historical work on America: Histoire de I'Isle Espagnole ou de Saint Domingue (1730), based on manuscript memoirs of P. Jean-Baptiste Le Pers and original sources; Histoire de Paraguay (1756); Vie de la Mere Marie de I'Incarnation, institutrice et premiere superieure des Urselines de la Nouvelle-France (1724); Histoire et description generale de la Nouvelle-France (1744; in English 1769; tr. J. G. Shea, 1866-1872), a work of capital importance for Canadian history.