In geology, the porosity of a rock or sediment is the proportion of the non-solid volume to the total volume of material, and is defined by the ratio:

where V_p is the non-solid volume (pores and liquid) and V_m is the total volume of material, including the solid and non-solid parts.

It is common to express porosity as a percentage, by multiplying the above ratio by 100.

The porosity of a rock, or sedimentary layer, is an important consideration when attempting to evaluate the potential volume of hydrocarbons it may contain. Sedimentary porosities are a complex function of many factors, including but not limited to: rate of burial, depth of burial, the nature of the connate fluids, the nature of overlying sediments (which may impede fluid expulsion). One commonly used relationship between porosity and depth is given by the Athy (1930) equation:

φ(z) = φ₀e ^{- kz}

where φ₀ is the surface porosity, k is the compaction coefficient (m^-1) and z is depth (m).

A value for porosity can be calculated from the bulk density and particle density.

Other terms associated with porosity:

• Primary porosity is the main or original porosity system in a rock.
• Secondary porosity is a subsequent or separate porosity system in a rock, often enhancing overall porosity of a rock. This can be a result of leeching of minerals or the generation of a fracture system. This can replace the primary porosity or coexist with it.
• Fracture porosity is porosity associated with a fracture system or faulting. This can create secondary porosity in rocks that otherwise would not be reservoirs for hydrocarbons due to their primary porosity being destroyed (for example due to depth of burial) or of a rock type not normally considered a reservoir (for example igneous intrusions or metasediments).
• Vuggy porosity is secondary porosity generated by dissolution of large features (such as macrofossils) in carbonate rocks leaving large holes, vugs, or even caves.

See also

• Hydrogeology (discussion of this and other related water flow properties)
• Petroleum_geology