In solid state physics and mineralogy, particularly in describing crystal structure, a primitive cell is a minimum volume cell corresponding to a single lattice point. A lattice can be characterized by the geometry of its primitive cell, and a crystal can be categorized by its lattice and the atoms that lie in a primitive cell (the basis). A cell will fill all the lattice space without leaving gaps by repetition of crystal translation operations.

Primitive translation vectors are used to define a crystal translation vector, , and also gives a lattice cell of smallest volume for a particular lattice. The lattice and translation vectors , , and are primitive if the atoms look the same from any lattice points using integers u₁, u₂, and u₃.

The primitive cell is defined by the primitive axes (vectors) , , and . The volume, , of the primitive cell is given by the parallelepiped from the above axes as,

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A Wigner-Seitz cell is an example of another kind of primitive cell. In certain circumstances, primitive cell is synonymous with unit cell. However, the conventional description of cubic lattices, such as body centered cubic (BCC) and face centered cubic (FCC) lattices, relies on a cubic unit cell. In the BCC and FCC cases, the primitive cell is distinct from this conventional unit cell.