Protein structural alignment is a form of alignment which tries to establish equivalences between two or more protein structures based on their fold. In contrast to simple structural superposition , where at least some equivalent residues of the two structures are known, structural alignment requires no a priori knowledge of equivalent positions. Structural alignment is a valuable tool for the comparison of proteins in the so called "twilight zone" and "midnight zone" of homology, where relationships between proteins can't be detected by sequence alignment methods. The method can therefore be used to establish evolutionary relationships between proteins that share no or nearly no common primary structure. This is especially important in the light of structural genomics and proteomics projects. The result of a structural alignment of two proteins is a superposition of their atomic coordinate sets with a minimal root mean square deviation (RMSD) between the two structures.

Algorithms

Up to now there is no definitive algorithmic solution to protein structural alignment. It could be shown that the alignment problem is NP-hard. All current algorithms employ heuristic methods. Therefore different algorithms may not produce exactly the same results for the same alignment problem.

Representation of structures

Protein structures have to be represented in some coordinate independent space to make them comparable. One possible representation is the so-called distance matrix, which is a two-dimensional matrix containing all pairwise distance between all C_α atoms of the protein backbone. This can also be represented as a set of overlapping sub-matrices spanning only fragments of the protein. Another possible representation is the reduction of the protein structure to the level of secondary structure elements (SSEs), which can be represented as vectors, and can carry additional information about relationships to other SSEs, as well as about certain biophysical properties.

Comparison and Optimization

In the case of distance matrix representation, the comparison algorithm breaks down the distance matrices into regions of overlap, which are then again combined if there is overlap between adjacent fragments, thereby extending the alignment. If the SSE representation is chosen, there are several possibilities. One can search for the maximum ensemble of equivalent SSE pairs using algorithms to solve the maximum clique problem from graph theory. Other approaches employ dynamic programming or combinatorial simulated annealing.

Packages

Several tools for pairwise and multiple structural alignments are available on the web:

Key map:

• Cα -- Backbone Atom (Cα) Alignment;
• SSE -- Secondary Structure Elements Alignment;
• Pair -- Pairwise Alignment (2 structures *only*);
• Multi -- Multiple Structure Alignment (MStA);

See also

• Sequence alignment
• Structural Classification of Proteins

References

• Bourne, P.E & Shindyalov, I.N. (2003): Structure Comparison and Alignment. In: Bourne, P.E., Weissig, H. (Eds): Structural Bioinformatics. Hoboken NJ: Wiley-Liss. ISBN 0-471-20200-2
• Olmea O, Straus CE, Ortiz AR. (2002) MAMMOTH (matching molecular models obtained from theory): an automated method for model comparison. Protein Sci 11,2606-21
• Yuan X, and Bystroff C.(2004) "Non-sequential Structure-based Alignments Reveal Topology-independent Core Packing Arrangements in Proteins", Bioinformatics. Nov 5, 2004
• E. Krissinel and K. Henrick, Protein structure comparison in 3D based on secondary structure matching (SSM) followed by C-alpha alignment, scored by a new structural similarity function. In: A.J. Kungl and P.J. Kungl, Editors, Proceedings of the Fifth international Conference on Molecular Structural Biology, Vienna, September 3-7 (2003), p. 88.
• Jung, J. and Lee, B.: Protein structure alignment using environmental profiles. Protein Engineering. 13:535-543, 2000.
• Zemla A., "LGA - a Method for Finding 3D Similarities in Protein Structures", Nucleic Acids Research, 2003, Vol. 31, No. 13, pp. 3370-3374.
• Y. Ye, A. Godzik "Multiple flexible structure alignment using partial order graphs" Bioinformatics, 2005, Vol.xxx
• T. Kawabata, K. Nishikawa "Protein structure comparison using the Markov transition model of evolution" Proteins; 41, 1, pp108-122