Robert B. Claytor (1922-1993) was an American railroad administrator. He became President of the Norfolk and Western Railway in 1981, and was instrumental in the merger of the Southern Railway and the Norfolk & Western in 1982. He was the first chairman and CEO of the new Norfolk Southern, and is credited with locating the headquarters of the Fortune 500 company in Norfolk, Virginia, within sight of the massive coal and transloading facilities at Lambert's Point.

Robert B. Claytor is best remembered by many railfans for reactivating Norfolk and Western's steam program, which rebuilt steam locomotives J-611 and A-1218 at the Roanoke Shops at Roanoke, Virginia, and operated excursion trips. He would occasionally take the helm as engineer with his brother, W. Graham Claytor Jr., who had also been a railroad president.

He was the son of W. Graham Claytor (1886-1971), who was vice president of Appalachian Power and supervised construction of the dam and creation of a 4,500 acre (18 km²), 21 mile (34 km) long lake on the New River at Claytor Lake State Park in Virginia. One of his brothers, W. Graham Claytor Jr. (1914-1994), was president of the Southern Railway from 1967-1977, a United States Deputy Secretary of Defense and Secretary of the Navy from 1977-1979 under President Jimmy Carter, an acting U.S. Secretary of Transportation in the cabinet of President Carter in 1979, and president of Amtrak from 1982 until 1993.

Robert B. Claytor died of cancer on April 9, 1993.

The Claytor Brothers are the subject of a semi-permanent exhibit at the Virginia Museum of Transportation in Roanoke, Virginia.