A rock opera or rock musical is a musical production in the form of an opera or a musical in a modern rock and roll style rather than more traditional forms. It differs from conventional rock and roll music, which is often a song that is unlinked in plot or story with other songs, but overlaps considerably with concept album, song cycle, or rock musical. More recent developments include metal opera and rap opera.

Which of these categories a particular work falls into is largely defined by the intent and self-definition of the work by its creator. The formal distinction may be that the rock opera tells a coherent (if sometimes sketchy) story, often with first-person lyrics sung by characters, while a concept album or song cycle sets a mood or maintains a theme, but some albums share aspects of both of these cases. The rock musical is generally first performed as a theatrical production rather than appearing as an album, has little or no identification with a particular band and a generally stronger air of show business. The categories are flexible, to say the least.

Pete Townshend, both with and without his band The Who, is arguably the single artist most associated with the term rock opera. The earliest example of the form was seen in the track "A Quick One While He's Away" from The Who's second album, A Quick One (1966), a nine-minute suite of song snippets telling an operatic story. In 1968 The Pretty Things released S.F. Sorrow , thought to be the first attempt at a single thematic concept expressed over an album's worth of songs. Less than a year later The Who returned with Tommy, the first album explicitly billed as a rock opera. Tommy remains the most famous rock opera, with concert, film and theatrical productions mounted over the course of three decades. The Who would later release Quadrophenia, also made into a film.

Townshend is also considered the originator of the term itself. In 1966, he played a comedy tape to his friends called "Gratis Amatis". One of his friends made the comment that the odd song was "rock opera." Kit Lambert, the Who's producer, is than believed to have said "Now there's an idea!"

Rock operas and rock musicals

Examples of notable rock operas and rock musicals include:

• James Rado, Gerome Ragni and Galt MacDermot, Hair (1967)

• The Electric Prunes, Mass in F Minor (1968)

• Pretty Things, S.F. Sorrow (1968): Either the first rock opera or the first concept album.

• The Small Faces, Ogden's Nut Gone Flake (1968): The latter half of this record can also be considered an early rock opera/concept album.

• The Who, Tommy (1969): The album which arguably popularized the term rock opera. Later a movie and revival as well, in a Broadway production.

• Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber, Jesus Christ Superstar (1970)

• Pete Townshend, Lifehouse; Abandoned, then revived sci-fi rock opera. Many of the songs originally appeared on the 1971 album, Who's Next.

• Stephen Schwartz, Godspell, (1971)

• Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey , Grease, (1972)

• Stephen Schwartz, Pippin (1972)

• The Who, Quadrophenia (1973)

• Richard O'Brien, The Rocky Horror Show (1973)

• Genesis, The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway (1974): Famous prog-rock opera.

• David Bowie, Diamond Dogs (1974): Diamond Dogs was orginally written as a rock opera version of George Orwell's novel 1984, but Bowie was denied the rights to produce it by Orwell's estate. He used the completed tracks on Diamond Dogs without alteration

• Charlie Smalls , The Wiz (1975)

• Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber, Evita (1976)

• Meat Loaf, Bat out of Hell (1977): Bat out of Hell was a modernized adaptation of Peter Pan similar to West Side Story's treatment of Romeo and Juliet. It was never staged and only the album was released. However, the tracks are fragments of an earlier musical that the composer/writer (Jim Steinman) of the album had written.

• Pink Floyd, The Wall (1979)

• The Residents, Mark of the Mole (1981)

• The Residents, The Tunes of Two Cities (1982)

• Howard Ashman and Alan Menken, Little Shop of Horrors (1982)

• The Residents, The Big Bubble: Pt. 4 of the Mole Trilogy (1983)

• Styx, Kilroy Was Here (1983)

• Tim Rice, Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson, Chess (1984)

• Pete Townshend, White City (1986): Subtitled "A novel," a video was released in conjunction with this album.

• The Residents, God in Three Persons (1988)

• Pete Townshend, The Iron Man (1989): A "musical" based on Ted Hughes' book The Iron Man (which was also the basis for the animated film The Iron Giant).

• Pete Townshend, Psychoderelict (1993): An album of linked songs with dialogue advancing the story between the music; a version without the dialogue was also released.

• Meat Loaf, Bat out of Hell II: Back Into Hell (1993): A sequel to Bat out of Hell written/composed again by Jim Steinman.

• Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, Smokey Joe's Cafe (1995): A revue with dozens of Lieber and Stoller songs.

• Jonathan Larson, Rent (1996)

• Marilyn Manson, Antichrist Superstar (1996)

• Andrew Lloyd Webber and Jim Steinman, Whistle Down the Wind (1996)

• Jim Steinman, Tanz der Vampire (1997): A Rock opera musical about Vampires, based on the Roman Polanski movie with the same name.

• Blind Guardian, Nightfall in Middle-Earth (1998): The first power metal opera based on the J.R.R. Tolkien book The Silmarillion. Blind Guardian's first and only completely Tolkien-influenced LP release.

• Marilyn Manson, Mechanical Animals (1998)

• Marilyn Manson, Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death) (2000)

• ABBA, Mamma Mia!, (2001): A book musical with the story built around ABBA songs.

• John Cameron Mitchell, Hedwig and the Angry Inch (2001)

• Spock's Beard, Snow (2002): Has a storyline and themes very similar to The Who's album Tommy.

• Neil Young and Crazy Horse, Greendale (2003): The story of the Green family (Grandpa, Jed, and Sun)

• Green Day, American Idiot (2004): A punk rock opera depicting the story of Bay Area characters 'Jesus of Suburbia'/'St.Jimmy' and 'Whatsername.'

• Acda en de Munnik, Ren Lenny Ren (2004)

This list does not include song cycles or concept albums that often include some of the characteristics of rock operas and/or rock musicals.

External links

• Original rock musicals on the Internet

See also

Wagnerian Rock, a Rock opera genre created by Jim Steinman