Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
SAMPA chart
SAMPA charts of consonants and vowels See a concise version of SAMPA for English sounds. Note that you will need a font that supports the Unicode IPA Extensions to see the IPA characters.
Warning: this chart is an attempt to gather information of national SAMPA subcharts: the charts here contain conflicting characters. Most of the information here is therefore only valid for English and some other European languages. For a unified, general ASCII representation of the IPA symbols X-SAMPA should be used.
| Contents |
Consonants
| (the paired signs are voiceless/voiced consonants) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bilabial | Labiodentals | Dentals | Alveolars | Postalveolars | Palatals | Velars | Uvulars | Pharyngeals | Glottals | |||||||||||||||||||||
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| Stops or affricates |
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| Fricatives |
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| Nasals | m | F | n | J | N | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Laterals | l | L | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rhotics (flaps or trills) |
| R\ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Approximants | H | P | r\ | j | w | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
'Note': It is (especially in Spanish and Italian) common use to represent the alveolar trill with [rr] and the alveolar flap with [r]. In Spanish, too, [jj] is used to represent the palatal fricative against the semivowel [j]. It has been proposed to use [4] for the alveolar flap, in which case [r] can be used to represent the trill (as its equivalent in the IPA system), and [j\] for the palatal fricative, keeping in this way the policy of using one letter per one IPA symbol (The backslash is used to generate alternative symbols).
Consonant modifiers:
- [ ` ] after a consonant indicates retroflex.
- [ _a ] apical (IPA subscript inverted bridge): [s_a] apical 's'
- [ _d ] dental (IPA subscript bridge)
- [ _G ] velarized diacritic (IPA superscipt gamma)
- [ _h ] aspirated diacritic (IPA superscript h)
- [ _j, ' ] palatalized. (IPA superscript j)
- [ _m ] laminal (IPA subscript box)
- [ _w ] labialized diacritic (IPA superscript w)
- [ _< ] implosive (voiced stops) (IPA hooktop)
- [ _> ] ejective (voiceless stops)
- [ _=, = ] syllabic, as in US bird [b=r\d] (also written [b3`d]), bottle ["bOt=l], button ["bVt=n]
Simplified list of consonants
| SAMPA | IPA | Description | Examples |
| p | p | voiceless bilabial stop | English pen |
| b | b | voiced bilabial stop | English but |
| t | t | voiceless alveolar or dental stop | English two, Spanish toma, Italian fata |
| d | d | voiced alveolar or dental stop | English do, Italian cade, Spanish andar |
| ts | ʦ | voiceless alveolar affricate | Italian calza, zoccolo, German Zeit |
| dz | ʣ | voiced alveolar affricate | Italian zona, manzo |
| tS | ʧ | voiceless postalveolar affricate | English chair, picture, Spanish mucho, Italian cena, German Deutsche |
| dZ | ʤ | voiced postalveolar affricate | English gin, joy, Italian giorno |
| c | c | voiceless palatal stop | Greek [ce] 'and', Hungarian tyúk 'hen', like British tune |
| J\ | | voiced palatal stop | Hungarian egy 'one', like British dune |
| k | k | voiceless velar stop | English cat, kill,
queen |
| g | g | voiced velar stop | English go, get |
| q | q | voiceless uvular stop | Arabic qof |
| p\ | ɸ (Greek phi) | voiceless bilabial fricative | Japanese fu |
| B | β (Greek beta) | voiced bilabial fricative | Some Spanish accents cabo |
| ϐ (Greek beta alt) | voiced bilabial approximant | Spanish cabo, calvo | |
| f | f | voiceless labiodental fricative | English fool, enough, Spanish and Italian falso |
| v | v | voiced labiodental fricative | English voice, German
Welt, Italian vedere |
| T | θ (Greek theta) | voiceless dental fricative | English thing, Castilian Spanish
caza |
| ϑ (Greek theta alt) | voiceless dental approximant | Tuscan Italian sete | |
| D | ð (Icelandic eth) | voiced dental fricative | English this, Castillian Spanish juzgar |
| δ (Greek delta) | voiced dental approximant | Spanish cada | |
| s | s | voiceless alveolar fricative | English see, pass, city, Spanish sí, German groß, Italian suono |
| z | z | voiced alveolar fricative | English zoo, roses, German
See, Spanish riesgo, Italian rosa |
| S | ʃ | voiceless postalveolar fricative | English she, sure, emotion, French chemin, Italian scendo, German Sprache |
| Z | ʒ | voiced postalveolar fricative | French jour, English pleasure, Argentinian Spanish lluvia, Ecuadorian Spanish arriba, Tuscan Italian ragione |
| C | ç (cedilla) | voiceless palatal fricative | Standard German Ich, Greek [Ceri] 'hand', some English pronunciations of human |
| j\ (jj) | ʝ (j with crossed tail) | voiced palatal fricative | Standard Spanish ayuda, yegua, some Spanish accents lluvia (yeísmo), some Italian dialects paglia ["paj\j\a], some German accents ja |
| x | x | voiceless velar fricative | Scots loch, Castilian Spanish ajo,
German Buch |
| G | γ (Greek gamma) | voiced velar fricative | Some Spanish accents algo, agua, Arabic ghain |
| ɰ | voiced velar approximant | Spanish algo, agua | |
| X\ | ħ (overstroked h) | voiceless pharyngeal fricative | Arabic h.â |
| ?\ | ʕ (Inverted ?) | voiced pharyngeal fricative | Arabic 'ayn |
| h | h | voiceless glottal approximant | English ham,
German Hand, Colombian Spanish jamón, Tuscan Italian secondo |
| h\ | ɦ(h with upper tail to the right) | voiced glottal approximant | Hungarian lehet, English pronunciations of behave |
| m | m | bilabial nasal | English man, Spanish hambre, Italian fame |
| F | ɱ (m with downward right tail) | labiodental nasal | Spanish infierno, enfermo, Italian trionfo, Hungarian kámfor, honvágy |
| n | n | alveolar or dental nasal | English, Spanish and Italian no |
| J | ɲ (n with downward left tail) | palatal nasal | English canyon, Spanish
año, French oignion, Italian gnocchi, Hungarian anyu |
| N | ŋ (n with downward right tail) | velar nasal | English singer, ring, Spanish blanco, manguera, Italian bianco, pongo, German lange, Tagalog ngayón, ngongò |
| l | l | alveolar lateral | English left, Spanish largo, Italian lungo |
| L | ʎ turned down y, alt. λ (Greek lambda) | palatal lateral | Italian aglio, famiglia, Catalan
colla, Castilian Spanish cuello |
| 5 | ɫ (l with middle tilde) | velarized dental lateral | English milk (dark l), Catalan
alga |
| 4 (r) | ɾ (r without upper-left serif) | alveolar flap | Spanish pero, Italian essere |
| r (rr) | r | alveolar trill | Spanish perro, rey, Italian arrivare, terra |
| r\ | ɹ (r rotate 180°) | retroflexed alveolar approximant | English run, very |
| R | ʀ (small capital R) | uvular trill | French rue, standard German
Reich, Farb |
| P | labiodental approximant | Dutch Waar | |
| w | w | velo-labial approximant | English we, French oui,
Spanish hueso, huevo, Italian acqua, guida |
| H | ɥ (turned down h) | palato-labial approximant | French huit |
| j | j | palatal approximant | English yes, Frech yeux,
German ja, Italian ione, paio, Spanish pierna |
(The sounds of the Spanish b in cabo and d in cada are not represented by the symbols β, δ, despite what the creators of the SAMPA may think. Those sounds are not fricatives but approximants. Look at: [1] - Spanish only)
Vowels
| Vowels | |||||
| front | near-front | central | near-back | back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| close | i • y | 1 • } | M • u | ||
| near-close | I • Y | U | |||
| close-mid | e • 2 | @\ • 8 | 7 • o | ||
| mid | @ | ||||
| open-mid | E • 9 | 3 • 3\ | V • O | ||
| near-open | { | 6 | |||
| open | a • & | A • Q | |||
Vowel modifiers:
- [ ~, _~ ] after a vowel indicates that it is nasalised (e.g. French bon [bO~] ).
- [ : ] after a vowel indicates that it is lengthened (e.g. Japanese shōshō [So:So:], English see [si:] ).
- [ ` ] after a vowel indicates rhoticity (e.g. US English bird [b3`d] ).
- [ _^ ] non syllabic vowel (IPA subscript arch)
| SAMPA: simplified list of vowels | |||
| SAMPA | IPA | Description | Examples |
| i | i | front closed unrounded vowel | English see, Spanish sí, French vite, German mieten, Italian visto |
| I | small capital I | front closed unrounded vowel, but somewhat more
centralised and relaxed | English city, German mit |
| e | e | front half closed unrounded vowel | US English bear, Spanish él, French année, German mehr, Italian rete, Catalan més |
| E | ɛ | front half open unrounded vowel | English bed, French même,German Herr, Männer,
Italian ferro, Catalan mes, Spanish perro |
| { | ae ligature, æ | front open unrounded vowel | English cat |
| y | y | front closed rounded vowel | French du, German Tür |
| 2 | slashed o, ø | front half closed rounded vowel | French deux (hence '2'), German Höhle |
| 9 | oe ligature, œ | front half open rounded vowel | French neuf (hence '9'), German Hölle |
| 1 | overstroked i, | central closed unrounded vowel | Russian мыс [m1s] 'mouse' |
| @ | ə (turned down e) schwa | central neutral unrounded vowel | English about, winner,German bitte |
| 6 | ɐ (turned down a) open schwa | central neutral unrounded vowel | German besser |
| 3 | ɜ (Greek epsilon mirrored to the left) | front half open unrounded vowel, but somewhat more
centralised and relaxed | English bird |
| a | a | central open vowel | Spanish da, barra, French bateau,
lac, German Haar, Italian pazzo |
| } | overstroked u, ʉ | central closed rounded vowel | Scottish English pool, Swedish sju |
| 8 | overstroked o, ɵ | central neutral rounded vowel | Swedish kust |
| & | small capital OE ligature, ɶ | front open rounded vowel | American English that |
| M | ɯ (upside-down m) | back closed unrounded vowel | Japanese fuji, Vietnamese ư Korean 으 |
| 7 | ɤ (squeezed Greek gamma) | back half closed unrounded vowel | Vietnamese ơ Korean 어 |
| V | ʌ (turned down v) | back half open unrounded vowel | RP and US English run, enough |
| A | ɑ ('d' with no upper tail) | back open unrounded vowel | English arm, US English law, standard French âme |
| u | u | back closed rounded vowel | English soon, Spanish tú, French
goût, German Hut, Mutter, Italian azzurro, tutto |
| U | ʊ (turned down small capital Greek omega) | back closed rounded vowel somewhat more centralised
and relaxed | English put, Buddhist |
| o | o | back half closed rounded vowel | US English sore, Scottish English boat, Spanish yo, French beau, German Sohle, Italian dove, Catalan ona |
| O | ɔ (c mirrored to the left) | back half open rounded vowel | British English law, caught, Italian cosa, Catalan dona, |
| Q | ɒ ('b' with no upper tail) | back open rounded vowel | British English not, cough, German Toll |
Stress is indicated by ["] for primary stress, and [%] for secondary stress, placed before the stressed syllable.[2]
SAMPA charts for specific languages
- SAMPA chart for English sounds
- SAMPA chart for Hungarian sounds (in the Hungarian Wikipedia)
03-10-2013 05:06:04
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The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details