This page is about ska, the musical style. SKA is also a three letter acronym for Square Kilometre Array.

Ska is a form of Jamaican music which began in the late 1950s. Combining elements of traditional mento and calypso with an American jazz and rhythm and blues sound, it was a precursor in Jamaica to rocksteady and later reggae. It is the predominant form of music listened to by the Rudeboy, Mod, and Skinhead movements, amongst others, with artists such as Symarip, Laurel Aitken, The Charmers and The Pioneers aiming songs at these groups as far back as the 1960s.

After World War II, Jamaicans purchased radios in increasing numbers and were able to hear American R&B from southern cities like New Orleans, Louisiana, whose artists (such as Fats Domino) had the most influence on early ska. To meet the demand for such music, entrepreneurs like Prince Buster, Clement "Coxsone" Dodd, and Duke Reid formed sound systems, portable discotheques which appeared at dances and other gatherings. Often, these sound system operators removed labels from the most popular records, in order to enjoy a monopoly on the best-liked tunes and draw the most customers.

When New Orleans-style R&B fell out of favor by 1960, Jamaican artists began recording their own version of it. The music of ska is known for the placement of the accented guitar and piano rhythms on the upbeats. The word "ska" may have onomatopoeic origins in a tradition of poetic or possibly even musical rhythms. Guitarist Ernest Ranglin said that "the offbeat guitar scratching that he and other musicians played was referred to as 'skat! skat! skat!'"

Some believe that the early jazz and rock 'n' roll broadcasts from American radio stations were misinterpreted by an eager Jamaican music audience, hence the off-beat rhythms that almost mimicked the break up of weak radio signals that hit the West Indian shores. Others consider ska not a misinterpretation but its own response to American music. The sound of ska was created at facilities like Studio One and WIRL Records in Kingston, Jamaica, by producers like Dodd, Reid, Prince Buster, and Edward Seaga (later Jamaica's prime minister).

As music changed in America, so too did ska. For example, ska was influenced by jazz and rock. Ska groups like Clement Dodd's house band, The Skatalites often did instrumental ska versions of popular American and British music, such as Beatles tunes, movie themes, or surf instrumentals. In 1966 and 1967, when American soul became slower and smoother, ska changed its sound accordingly and resulted in rocksteady, a style of music with the guitar and piano chords falling on the downbeat instead. Some notable rocksteady musicians are The Melodians , who scored a hit with 'Rivers of Babylon' and the Wailers, who did a number of rocksteady songs during the late sixities. Rocksteady lasted until the emergence of reggae in 1968.

Prince Buster and U-Roy of Jamaica brought Ska to the UK in the early '60s where it has been a major inspiration to many bands, such as the Specials, Madness, UB40 and many other underground music acts from dance to reggae.

Musical historians typically divide the history of ska into three waves. Ska's popularity has waxed and waned since its original inception, and has had revivals of note in England in the 1980s (known as Two-Tone), and another wave of popularity in the 1990s (referred to as Third Wave Ska).

The Two-Tone era was named after the similarly titled record label, formed by Jerry Dammers, keyboardist of The Specials, which was formulated from the greatly diverse West Midlands region in the late 1970s, with bands such as The Beat and The Selecter in support of the scene.

Some of the biggest selling American bands of Third Wave Ska were The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, and Catch 22, both of whom fused ska with rock and punk. Some argue that the fusion of the two types of music caused it to lose almost all of its Jamaican elements. There is also much debate between the ska and punk communities as to the validity of the Ska Punk genre, yet many of the tenets behind both genres are shared, those of peace, unity, tolerance, and of course the spirit of Do-It-Yourself (DIY). The most notable independent Ska record label of the '80s and '90s was Moon Ska, based in New York City, New York and founded by guitar player/singer of The Toasters, Robert 'Bucket' Hingley , and epitomized the idea of DIY.

Ska around the world is beginning a return to its roots. More and more bands are playing traditionally influenced or even full blown traditional ska. These bands include The Slackers, Pressure Cooker, The Debonaires , The Scofflaws , Let's Go Bowling, Westbound Train , and The Soul Captives .

Ska Musicians of Note

First Wave (original)

• Alton Ellis
• Desmond Dekker
• Dennis Brown
• Ernest Ranglin
• Laurel Aitken (known as "The Godfather Of Ska")
• Melodians
• Millie Small
• Natural Rythmn
• Peter Tosh (later of Bob Marley & the Wailers fame)
• Prince Buster
• Symarip
• The Ethiopians
• The Skatalites
• The Wailers
• Toots & the Maytals
• Jimmy Cliff

Second Wave (Two-Tone Era)

• Bad Manners
• Big 5
• The Ethiopians
• International Beat
• Judge Dread
• Madness
• Maroon Town
• The Beat (aka The English Beat in the US)
• The Selecter
• Special Beat
• The Specials
• The Bodysnatchers

Third Wave Era

• Edward's Buzzer
• Andy and the Jivers
• Babylon Circus
• Betagarri
• Big Jesse
• Big D and the Kids Table
• Buck-O-Nine
• Catch 22
• Dance Hall Crashers
• Deskadena
• Distorted Penguins
• Dr. Calypso
• Dr. Ring-Ding & the Senior All-Stars
• Fahrenheit 451
• Faster Than Sound
• Five Iron Frenzy
• Go Jimmy Go
• Hadji and the Turbans
• Hepcat
• honeylocust
• Insidious
• The Insyderz
• Johnny Socko
• Kortatu
• Le Braghe Corte
• Les Ogres de Barback
• Less Than Jake
• Let's Go Bowling
• Mad Caddies
• Madcap
• Marcel et son Orchestre
• Matrioska
• Marvin Fink
• Mephiskapheles
• Mo' Bettah Freaks
• Mu330
• Mustard Plug
• New Fast Automatic Daffodils
• No-Face
• The O.C. Supertones
• One Cool Guy
• Operation Ivy
• Pain
• Persiana Jones
• Planet Smashers
• Potshot
• Reel Big Fish
• Rx Bandits
• Save Ferris
• SGR
• Sinsemilia
• Sneaky Creekans
• Ska-P
• Skamparas
• Skankin' Pickle
• Skaparapid
• Skapulario
• Skinnerbox
• SoBs
• Souldier of Fortune
• Sublime
• Suburban Legends
• Skavoovie and the Epitones
• Statuto
• Streetlight Manifesto
• Stubborn All-Stars
• The Agency
• The Aquabats
• The Busters
• The Fabulous Rudies
• The Forces of Evil
• The Mighty Mighty Bosstones
• The Pietasters
• The Plus Ones
• The Porkers
• The Scofflaws
• The Slackers
• The Suicide Machines
• The Toasters
• The Voodoo Glow Skulls
• Vallanzaska
• Voice Of Opposition
• World/Inferno Friendship Society

See Also

• Anarcho-Skinheads
• Jamaica
• Mods
• Reggae
• Skinheads
• Trojan Records
• Trojan Skinheads

Further Reference

• Timothy White, Catch a Fire: The Life of Bob Marley, UK:Corgi Books, 1983

External Links

• Lyrics:
  • The Ska Lyric Archive - The most complete reference for ska lyrics
  • Skaponk - A wide database of ska and punk lyrics
  • Jamaica Lyrics - Ska Lyrics
• The Origins of Ska, Reggae, and Dub Music
• The Untold Story of Jamaican Popular Music by Lloyd Dewar
• The History of Ska Music by Ian Vanhoof
• Ska.About.Com Semi-Active Ska Community
• Edward's Buzzer website
• Skahoo Ska International Search Engine
• Ska for the Skeptical
• ska-times ska agenda international, concerts, festivals, blue dances and more
• Ska, Punk & Other Junk – Online Ska Radio Station that features Ska and Ska-influenced styles