Caspian Flotilla (Каспийская флотилия in Russian, or Kaspiyskaya flotiliya), the oldest Russian military flotilla, which would later become part of the Soviet Navy. Stationed in the Caspian Sea.

Caspian Flotilla (CF) was created in November of 1722 in Astrakhan by the order of Peter the Great. It participated in Peter's Persian campaign of 1722-1723 and the Russo-Persian War of 1804-1813 and assisted the Russian army in capturing Derbent and Baku in 1796. As a result of the Gulistan Treaty of 1813, CF remained the only military flotilla in the Caspian Sea. Baku became its main base in 1867.

As the situation on the Caspian Sea stabilized in due course, the number of ships in the CF began to decrease. By the beginning of the 20th century, it had 2 gunboats and a few armed steamers. The sailors of the CF were actively engaged in the revolutionary movement in Baku in 1903-1905 and establishment of the Soviet authority in 1917 in that region. In order to provide assistance to the Red Army, they formed the Military Fleet of the Astrakhan Region (Военный флот Астраханского края, or Voyenniy flot Astrakhanskogo kraya) in April - June of 1918, reinforced with torpedo boats and submarines from the Baltic Sea in the fall of 1918. On October 13, the Soviets renamed it to the Astrakhan-Caspian Military Flotilla (Астрахано-Каспийская военная флотилия, or Astrakhano-Kaspiyskaya voennaya flotiliya). The ships of the flotilla were captured by the counterrevolutionary Centrocaspian government in August of 1918 and later regained by the Soviets after the overthrow of the Musavat government .

In July of 1919, the Astrakhan-Caspian Military Flotilla was combined with the Volga Military Flotilla (Волжская военная флотилия, or Volzhskaya voyennaya flotiliya) and renamed to the Volga-Caspian Military Flotilla (Волжско-Каспийская военная флотилия). On May 1, 1920, the Soviets established the Caspian Fleet, which comprised 3 auxiliary cruisers, 10 torpedo boats, 4 submarines and other ships. Together with the Caspian Fleet, there was the Red Fleet of the Soviet Azerbaijan, stationed in Baku, as well. Both fleets completed the liberation of the Caspian Sea from the White Army. In July of 1920, Caspian and Azerbaijani fleets were combined into the Naval Forces of the Caspian Sea (Морские Силы Каспийского моря, or Morskiye Sily Kaspiyskogo morya) and would later be renamed to the Caspian Flotilla on June 27, 1931.

During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, the Caspian Flotilla secured vital sea shipping of army units, military equipment and different cargo, especially during the Battle of Stalingrad and battle for Caucasus.

The Caspian Flotilla has been awarded with the Order of the Red Banner in 1945.