Fetal circulation; the umbilical vein is the large, red vessel at the far left

The umbilical vein is a blood vessel present during fetal development that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the growing fetus.

Circulation

Attached to the uterine lining, the placenta is the site of gas exchange between mother and fetus. The singular umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus, while two umbilical arteries return deoxygenated blood to the placenta. The three vessels coil around one another within the Wharton's jelly of the umbilical cord and enter the abdomen at the umbilicus.

Inside the fetus, the vein courses alongside the falciform ligament and then to the liver's underside. At the transverse fissure , the vein divides into two vessels, one larger than the other. The larger of the two is joined by the portal vein, and together they enter the right lobe of the liver. The smaller vessel, now called the ductus venosus , diverges away from the liver and joins with the inferior vena cava.

Round ligament

Within a week of birth, the infant's umbilical vein is completely obliterated and is replaced by a fibrous cord called the round ligament (also called the ligamentum teres). It extends from the umbilicus to the tranverse fissure, where it joins with the ligamentum venosum to separate the left and right lobes of the liver.

Recanalization

Under extreme pressure, the round ligament may reopen to allow the passage of blood. Such recanalization is common in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Patients with cirrhosis experience rapid growth of scar tissue in and around the liver, often functionally obstructing nearby vessels. Vessel occlusion increases vascular resistance and therefore leads to hyptertension. In portal hypertension, the vessels surrounding the liver are subjected to abnormally high blood pressure—so high, in fact, that the force of the blood pressing against the round ligament is sufficient to recanalize the structure.

References

• Peculiarities in the vascular system of the fetus