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Categories: History of China | Eurasian nomads | Former countries | Former countries in Chinese history
Western Xia
- See Xia for other meanings of the Chinese character 夏 xià.
Western Xia (西夏 pinyin: Xīxià), was a kingdom from 1032 up to 1227 of the Tibetan-speaking Tangut tribes that was established in the 11th century and flourished through the early 13th century until it was conquered by the Mongols of the Yuan dynasty. It was located in what are now the northwestern Chinese provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi, and Ningxia.
Occupying the area along the trade route between Central Asia and the West, the Tangut were formally a tributary state of first the Song and then the Jin. In actuality, they were de facto independent, and the interaction between the Jin, the Song, and the Western Xia is of interest to historians of diplomacy because they are an example of diplomatic relations between states of de facto equal power but within a diplomatic framework in which one state was formally superior.
Western Xia had its own written language that disappeared after the kingdom was annihilated by the Mongols.
Rulers of Western Xia
| Temple names | Posthumous names | Chinese family name and first names | Reigns | Era names and their according durations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese convention: "Western Xia" + temple name or "family name + first names" | ||||
| Jǐngzōng (景宗) |
Wǔlièdì (武烈帝) |
Lǐ Yuánhào (李元昊) |
1032-1048 | Xiǎndào (顯道) 1032-1034Kāiyùn (開運) 1034 |
| Yìzōng (毅宗) |
Zhāoyīngdì (昭英帝) |
Lǐ Liàngzuò (李諒祚) |
1048-1067 | Yánsìníngguó (延嗣寧國) 1048-1049Tiānyòuchuíshèng (天祐垂聖) 1050-1052 |
| Huìzōng (惠宗) |
Kāngjìngdì (康靖帝) |
Lǐ Bǐngcháng (李秉常) |
1067-1086 | Qiándào (乾道) 1067-1069Tiāncìlǐshèngguóqìng (天賜禮盛國慶) 1070-1074 |
| Chóngzōng (崇宗) |
Shèngwéndì (聖文帝) |
Lǐ Qiánshùn (李乾順) |
1086-1139 | Tiānyízhìpíng (天儀治平) 1086-1089Tiānyòumín'ān (天祐民安) 1090-1097 |
| Rénzōng (仁宗) |
Shèngzhēndì (聖禎帝) |
Lǐ Rénxiào (李仁孝) |
1139-1193 | Dàqìng (大慶) 1139-1143Rénqìng (人慶) 1144-1148 |
| Huánzōng (桓宗) |
Zhāojiǎnjì (昭簡帝) |
Lǐ Chúnyòu (李純佑) |
1193-1206 | Tiānqìng (天慶) 1193-1206 |
| Xiāngzōng (襄宗) |
Jǐngwǔdì (景武帝) |
Lǐ Ānquán (李安全) |
1206-1211 | Qìngtiān (慶天) 1206-1209Huángjiàn (皇建) 1210-1211 |
| Shénzōng (神宗) |
Yīngwéndì (英文帝) |
Lǐ Zūnxū (李遵頊) |
1211-1223 | Guāngdìng (光定) 1211-1223 |
| Xiànzōng (獻宗) |
Did not exist | Lǐ Déwàng (李德旺) |
1223-1226 | Qiándìng (乾定) 1223-1226 |
| Mòzhǔ (末主) |
Did not exist | Lǐ Xiàn (李晛) |
1226-1227 | Bǎoyì (寶義) 1226-1227 |
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