The place of the matrona (a Roman woman) in the society was mostly indoors, taking care of the family and household. She was under the protection of the pater familias (the master of the house), either the father or the husband. She was not entitled to have any public office or to participate in any political activities. Travel, even accompanied, was all but impossible. Women's individual identities even are often hard for a historian to disentangle, as women simply carried a female version of the gens they belonged to, as a look at the list below confirms.

The notable exception were the Vestal Virgins, who held a religious status and special privileges. Due to this background position in the society, women referred by name in the ancient sources are scarce.

Some exceptions are:

• Aemilia Scaura (1st century BC), second wife of Pompey and stepdaughter of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, the dictator
• Agrippina Major (1st century), wife of Germanicus, mother of emperor Caligula
• Agrippina Minor (1st century), wife of emperor Claudius, mother of emperor Nero
• Aurelia, mother of Julius Caeser (last century BC)
• Caecilia Metella, the women of the Caecilius Metellus family
• Claudia Julia (1st century AD), sister-in-law of Caligula
• Clodia (1st century BC), Catullus's Lesbia
• Cornelia Africana (2nd century BC), mother of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
• Cornelia Cinna (1st century BC), wife of Julius Caesar
• Cornelia Metella (1st century BC), fifth wife of Pompey
• Cornelia Sulla, daughter of Dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla, first cousin to Julius Caesar and mother of Pompeia Sulla
• Domitia Longina (1st century), wife of Domitian
• Fulvia (1st century BC), wife of Publius Clodius Pulcher and Mark Antony
• Galla Placidia, (5th century)
• Julia Caesaris, the women of the Julii Caesarii family
• Julia Domna (3rd century AD), wife of Septimius Severus
• Livia Drusilla (1st century BC), wife of Augustus Caesar
• Livilla (1st century AD), granddaughter of Livia
• Messalina, Emperor Claudius' wife
• Mucia Tertia (1st century BC), wife of Pompey
• Octavia, the women of the Octavii family
• Plautia Urgulanilla, Emperor Claudius' first wife
• Pompeia Sulla, granddaughter of the Dictator Sulla and second wife of Julius Caesar
• Servilia Caepionis (1st century BC), Julius Caesar mistress, mother of Brutus