| Bacterial
Content of Water Bottles |
Researched by Marisol G.
2003-04
|
|
PURPOSE
My purpose is to show that the bacteria content does increase
in a water
bottle when it is not properly washed between uses. In the summer
during swim team, I see my teammates fill the same water bottle every
day
for the whole season. They do not wash the water bottles as
evidenced
by the lip-gloss colors that don’t go away. The water bottles are
stored in their swim bags with moldy dirty towels or they rattle under
the seats of their parents’ cars. Also I am doing this experiment
in the winter when the temperatures are cooler and bacterial growth
tends
to be slower than during the hot summer months. If the bacteria
do
grow in my experiment, the bacteria growth could be greater during the
summer months.
My sister’s first grade class uses water bottles in the
classroom.
I know that my sister does not always take a new water bottle as she is
instructed. In addition she just tosses the water bottle in her
backpack
with her snow boots and everything else, regardless of what we tell
her.
I know her classmates are probably no different than her.
I would like to prove my hypothesis so I can teach others that
their
water bottle can make them sick if they don’t take precautions to
protect
themselves.
HYPOTHESIS
I hypothesize that the bacteria content will increase in just
a few
days when you drink from a water bottle without washing it prior to
filling
the water bottle.
EXPERIMENT DESIGN
The constant in this study were:
-
The brand and the amount of water in each of the water bottles.
-
The type of agar and agar plates.
-
The incubator.
-
That you use a new bottle each time you refill the test subject’s water
bottles
-
How the bacteria colonies were counted.
-
The amount of days each subject drank from their individual water bottle
The manipulated variable was how the individual test subjects drank
from
and cared for the water bottles. They did not change their normal
behavior for this experiment.
The responding variable was the amount of growth of the
individual samples.
To measure the responding variable I counted the number of colonies
in the petri dishes after they had been incubated.
MATERIALS
16 Kirkland brand water bottles, 16.9 fl.oz. (0.5 L)
1 Sharpie marker pen
6 Gallon size Ziploc bags
1 Comet cleanser
1 Liquid dish detergent
1 Roll paper towels
1 Lab coat
12 Vials BHI agar slants, 10 ml. each
1 Metal container to melt BHI agar in
1 Bunsen burner
6 Nalgene filtration units. (115 ml capacity)
1 Pair of hot pad gloves
1 Trivet
1 Vacuum to filter the water
6 Petri dishes
1 Sterile scalpel
1 Pair of forceps
6 Disposable inoculating loops
1 Container with Stat III disinfectant
1 Incubator to incubate the bacteria
1 Stat lll liquid disinfectant
1 Hibiclens cleanser
1 Autoclave
<>PROCEDURES
1. Experiment Day One
a. Mark five
water bottles with a marking pen with the
individual test subjects’ names.
b. Mark one water
bottle “Control? And set aside,
unopened. Store in a one-gallon size
Ziploc bag to prevent cross contamination from the environment.
c. Give each test
subject his or her water bottle in the
morning. Instruct them to drink all the
water from the bottle through out the day and to return it to you at
the end of
the day.
d. In the evening
get the water bottles back from the test
subjects.
2. Experiment Day Two
a. Clean sink and
counter top area with Comet cleaner and
paper towels.
b. Wash your
hands with soap and water.
c. Get five new
water bottles and place on paper towels on
the counter top.
d. Place the test
subjects’ individual water bottles on a
paper towel on the counter top.
e. Place a third
paper towel on the counter top that you
will be actually working over.
f. Wash your
hands again with soap and water.
g. Take the first
subject’s water bottle. Place it on the
paper towel covered
workspace.
h. Carefully
remove the lid to the water bottle and place it
topside down on the paper towel.
i. Open up a new,
unused water bottle of the same
manufacturing lot.
j. Over the paper
towel covered work area, carefully pour
the water from the new bottle into the used water bottle of the first
test
subject. See figure 1.
k. Set the newly
filled water bottle back on the work
surface and put the used water bottle lid back on the used water bottle
of the
first test subject. Do not use the new
lid from the new water bottle.
l. Discard the
new lid in the trash and the new water bottle
in the recycling bin.
m. Set the
re-filled water bottle of the first subject
aside.
n. Wash your
hands.
o. Place a new
paper towel on your workspace on the counter
top. Repeat steps “g” to “o” until all
five test subject’s water bottles is refilled.
p. Give each
subject his or her individual water
bottle. Remind them that they are to
drink all the water through out the day and to return them to you at
the end of
the day.
q. In the
evening, get the water bottles back from all the
test subjects.
3. Experiment Day 3
a. Follow
procedures
for Experiment Day 2 steps “a” to “p.”
b. Draw a line
with a marking pen on the first indentation
from the bottom of the water bottle. See
Figure 2.
c. If a test
subject’s water bottle has been indented
reducing the volume of water the bottle can hold due to displacement,
make a
line on the second indentation from the bottom instead of the first to
accommodate for the reduction of volume.
d. When you hand
out the water bottles to the individual
test subjects, instruct them to not drink below the line drawn on the
water
bottle.
e. Show the test
subjects where the line on the bottle is to
help them understand what you have instructed them to do.
f. Remind the
test subjects that they are to drink water
through out the day and to return the partially consumed bottle of
water to you
at the end of the day.
g. In the
evening, collect the individual test bottles from
all the test subjects.
h. Place each
subject’s individual water bottle in its own
Ziploc bag.
4. Test Day 1
a. Gather the
five water bottles used by the individual test
subjects; the water bottle marked “control” and the city water sample. Take all samples to the lab for testing.
b. Upon entering
the lab, put on a lab coat.
c. Obtain 12 test
tubes of BHI agar slants, 10ml each.
d. Loosen the lid
of each tube slightly and place in a metal
container. See Figure 3
e. Add tap water
to the metal container to cover the bottom
quarter of the test tubes.
f. Place metal
container with the test tubes and water over
a Bunsen burner. Heat.
g. Check
the test
tubes after 17 minutes to see if the agar has melted in all of the test
tubes. If they are not completely
melted, check the test tubes again after 20 minutes has elapsed. See
Figure 4.
h. While the BHI
slants are melting, label the Nalgene
filter systems and the petri dishes with the test subject’s name and
“control.”
i. Open
the first
test subject’s water bottle. Pour the
test water into the top of the corresponding test subject’s Nalgene
filter
system to the 90ml line. See Figure 5.
j. Repeat step h
until each test subject’s water sample and
the control water bottle sample is in the corresponding labeled Nalgene
filter
system.
k. Turn off the
Bunsen burner. With hot pad gloves move
the metal container
with the BHI slants to a trivet in the work area.
l. The first
subject’s water sample in the Nalgene filter
system is attached to a vacuum. The
vacuum is turned on.
m. When all the
water has moved to the bottom half of the
filter system, turn off the vacuum and remove the connecting hose.
n. Open the two
test tubes of BHI slant and pour the melted
agar into the first test subject’s labeled petri dish.
See Figure 6.
o. While the BHI
is allowed to cool slightly, cut the
perimeter of the filter in the Nalgene filter system along its
perimeter with a
sterile scalpel. See Figure 7.
p. Remove
the filter
from the filter system with sterile forceps.
Place the filter into the center of its corresponding
petri dish with
the slightly warm BHI agar. See Figure
8.
q. With a sterile
inoculating loop, gently push the filter
into the melted BHI agar so it is fully immersed in the BHI agar and
centered
in the petri dish. See Figure 9.
r. Place the lid
on the petri dish and set aside until al
the samples are prepared.
s. Repeat steps
“h,” “I,” and steps “k” to “r” until all
individual test samples and the control water bottle sample are
prepared.
t. Place all
prepared petri dishes in a CO2 incubator for 24
hours.
u. Store water
samples in the Nalgene filter systems for
re-testing, if needed.
v. Clean the
workspace with Stat III disinfectant.
w. Wash your
hands with Hibiclens
x. Remove lab
coat.
y. Wash your
hands again with Hibiclens.
5. Test Day 2
a. Return to the
lab 24 hours after the individual petri
dishes were prepared with the individual test samples.
b. Upon entering
the lab, put on a lab coat.
c. Obtain two
test tubes of BHI slant, 10ml each.
d. Take out the
prepared petri dishes you placed in the
incubator on Test Day 1.
e. Count the
number of bacteria colonies in the petri dishes
and record the data. Return to the CO2
incubator.
f. Clean the
workspace with Stat III disinfectant.
g. Wash your
hands with Hibiclens
h. Remove lab
coat.
i. Wash your
hands again with Hibiclens.
6. Test Day 3
a. Return to the
lab 24 hours after preparing the petri dish
with the Selah city water sample.
b. Upon entering
the lab, put on a lab coat.
c. Count the
number of bacteria colonies in all petri
dishes. Record the data.
d. Place all
petri dishes in an autoclave for sterilization
prior to their disposal by the lab.
e. Clean the work
space with Stat III disinfectant
f. Wash your
hands with Hiebiclens
g. Remove lab
coat.
h. Wash your
hands again with Hiebiclens.
7. Survey
a. Arrange with a
classroom teacher for permission to
conduct a survey in her classroom
b. Find out when
information is sent home with students for
their parents.
c. Set a time
frame with the teacher for you to deliver the
surveys and when they need to be returned by.
d. Deliver survey
to teacher of the class you are requesting
information from in the manner agreed upon.
e. Pick up
surveys.
f. Compile the
information.
RESULTS
The original purpose of this experiment was to see if the bacterial
content in water bottles would increase if you re-filled it without
washing it between uses. I wanted to prove to people that re-filling
water bottles without washing them between uses could be making you
sick.
The results of this experiment was that the bacterial content in water
bottles does increase when you simply re-fill your water bottle with
out washing it prior to re-filling it. Figure 10 shows that test
subjects number and 4 and 5 had results that were significantly lower
than the three other test subjects but there still was bacterial growth
compared to the control sample.
Figure 11, below, visually shows the comparison of the five test
subjects and the control regarding the number of bacteria colonies that
grew after three days of simply re-filling the water bottles.
Figure 12 is a
startling show of
the percent of bacterial growth that occurred in the five test
subjects’ water
samples. Test subjects 1, 2, and 3 all
had a high amount of bacteria colonies present compared to the control. The bacteria growth shows an increase of 400%
to 200,000%.
In Figure 13
you can see the
bacteria colonies present on the BHI agar in the petri dishes of two
test
samples. The bacteria looks like a
sheen of lotion in the photo, but it really looked like vomit splashed
on
gelatin. The bacteria in the petri
dishes smelled like vomit.
I have a
theory why Test Subject
#5 had such a low count of bacteria colonies.
Test subject is a 6-year-old girl who has been on
continuous antibiotics
since August 2003 for kidney infections leading to kidney failure. The antibiotics she took in November and
December 2003 were Cezfil and Cefllaxen.
Both are broad-spectrum antibiotics that kill the bacteria
common in the
mouth. In addition on December 23, she
had surgery and was on IV antibiotics for several days followed by more
Cezfil
upon discharge. She had been off of
antibiotics a few days before she participated in the study. Most likely, the bacteria that would normally
be present in her mouth had been killed by the long-term use of those
specific
antibiotics and the bacteria, both harmful and beneficial, had not had
much of
a chance to return. Considering that the test subject is a notorious
backwasher, and not always has the best hygiene, I thought that her
bacterial
colony count would have been the highest of all five test subjects but
I was
wrong. Test subject #5 still did have a
400% increase in the bacteria colonies present
Test subject
#4 had a low count
but still had 2,000% increase in the amount of bacteria colonies
present. Test subject is a 46-year-old man
who drank
his water sample immediately after swimming in a chlorinated pool. He did not drink the water through out the
day as intended. He had not eaten for 10
hours prior to his consuming the water and he had brushed his teeth
prior to
his morning swim workout. I would assume
that since he most likely had no food particles in his mouth, recently
brushed
his teeth, and had chlorinated pool water in his mouth just prior to
consumption, that is why his sample had a relatively low bacterial
colony
count.
The survey to
the parents of one
class of first grade students proved interesting. All
of the parents responded to the
survey. Of 17 students, only one did not
send a water bottle to school with their student. The
majority of the students use a reusable
water bottle (Figure 14).
Most
of the parents do wash
the bottle before re-filling it bit a few do both methods as shown in
Figure 15
above. One parent did not think that
there would be any bacterial growth as shown in Figure 16, but of the
16 other
parents, half thought some bacteria would grow and half thought a lot
of
bacteria would grow. I believe that the
parents do understand that bacteria are there even if you don’t see
them.
CONCLUSION
My hypothesis was
that the bacteria content would increase in
just a few days when you drink from a water bottle without washing it
prior to
filling the water bottle.
The
results indicate that this hypothesis should be accepted.
Because
of the results, I wonder if instead of not washing the water
bottle wash it in the dishwasher and see if it reduces the bacteria in
the
water bottle.
My
findings should be useful to everyone, because their risk of getting
sick is much lower if they wash their water bottle before refilling it.
If I were to
conduct this experiment again I would test different brands of water
bottles
instead of testing one brand of water. That would prove which brand of
water
would have the most bacteria in their water.
|
RESEARCH
REPORT
Introduction
Bacteria
can cause serious
diseases. People don’t realize bacteria are everywhere because they are
so
small so we can’t see them. One source of bacteria that people forget
about is
the bacteria that may be present in their water bottle.
Often people simply fill water bottles with
out washing them between uses. They may
contaminate the water bottle from unwashed hands, a dirty kitchen,
sharing with
others, or letting the water bottle roll around on the floor of their
car. There are simple steps that we can do
to
reduce the chance of bacterial contamination. By reducing our risks we
may
reduce the chance of illness.
Bacteria
Bacteria
grow in warm and moist
places, and in places where other forms cannot survive. “Bacteria (in a
water
bottle) feed on food particles, saliva, and sweat.”1 Bacteria are
one-celled organisms that are so small that you can only see the
bacteria under
a microscope. Bacteria surround us every day; whatever we eat drink or
touch
has bacteria on it or in it. “On average, bacteria are about 1
micrometer
(0.000039 inch) long and 0.5 micrometer in diameter.”2 “You can’t see the
bacterial cells without a microscope but if a large number are present
you can
see the bacterial clusters they form.”3 To produce a
cluster large enough to see, you
need to collect a small number of bacteria and provide them with food. In time the bacteria will grow into a cluster
large enough to see.
Types of Bacteria
There
are four different types
of bacteria. The bacteria that are round and sometimes linked together
are
called Cocci, the Bacilli resemble the shape of rods. Vibrios look like
bent
rods, and the spiral shaped bacteria are called Spirochetes or Spirilla.
“Certain
bacteria, called aerobes,
require oxygen to live, but others, known as anaerobes, can
survive
without it. Some anaerobes can exist either with or without oxygen.
Other
anaerobes cannot live with even a trace of oxygen in their environment.”4 In your mouth there are several types of
bacteria such as:
- Streptococcus
viriclasns
- Staphloccous,
both aerobic and anaerobic types
- Diplococci
- Diptheroids
- Lactobacilli
- Fusobacteria5
Structure of a
Bacterium
“A bacterial cell may have up to
three layers. These layers surround the
cytoplasm, which
contains the cells nuclei. Hair like flagella extends through the
layers in
many types of bacteria. The flagella help the bacterium to move by
means of a
whip like motion.”6
Almost all kinds of bacteria have a
tough outer shell
called a cell wall. The cell wall gives the bacterium its shape
and
allows it to live in a wide range of environments. The capsule helps
protect
the bacterium from destruction. “All bacteria have a cell membrane,
an
elastic baglike structure just inside the cell wall.”7
Reproduction
Almost all bacteria reproduce
asexually which means that
the cells simply divide into two parts; this is called binary fission.
The DNA
in the new cell is identical to the original cell. Some bacterium can
exchange
its DNA by a simple sexual process that is called conjugation.
Conjugation is a
direct transfer of DNA from one type of bacteria cell that is called a
male to
another type of bacteria cell called a female. “Some bacteria can
double their
number every 20 minutes while others reproduce slowly.”8 “If one
of these cells were given enough food, over a billion bacteria would be
reproduced in 10 hours.”9
Harmless
Bacteria
There are certain kinds of bacteria
that are helpful. The
bacteria in your body for example some of them help you digest your
food and
destroy harmful organisms in your body.
The bacteria in the water and soil are very
important in recycling
carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and other chemicals used by living things.
Bacteria
help decompose dead animals into chemical elements. Other bacteria’s
help make
medications, drugs, and antibiotics.
Harmful Bacteria
There are thousands of types of
bacteria only a few of
them are harmful to humans. The harmful bacteria can get into your body
system
by openings in your skin like your nose, mouth, cut in your skin, and
by
digesting food. If harmful bacteria enter your body, the bacteria can
make you
sick. Depending on the type of bacteria
and the health of the individual, a person can even die.
Disease
If people become in contact with a
harmful bacteria they
may become sick depending on the individual’s immune system. People who are particularly vulnerable to
infections are more at risk of becoming quite ill compared to the rest
of the
population. Those who are considered to
be high risk include “babies and young children, the elderly, pregnant
women
(because of the risk to the fetus), and people already seriously ill or
whose
immune systems are weakened.”10
Illness can be as simple as an
infected skinned knee to
meningococcal bacteria that infects the brain membranes. Food poisoning
is very
is most often caused by bacteria but people just think they have the
flu. “Food borne illnesses affect millions
of
Americans each year but most cases are attributed to the flu, not from
something they ate.”11 “Drinking water with bacteria in it may cause
upset stomachs, diarrhea or more serious illnesses.
Just one drink of water with these germs can
make you sick.”12
Cross
Contamination
Cross contamination is when bacteria
from one source are
in contact with another source. One
example is when a person sneezes into their hand and then shakes hands
with
another person. The second person would
then have the bacteria that the first person sneezed out of his body
and any
thing else that hand might have been in contact with.
When re-filling a water bottle, you can cross
contaminate the water bottle with any bacteria that might have been in
the
kitchen. You could easily hold the water
bottle on the faucet or the lid could sit on the counter that had some
bacteria
splash on it while you were cutting up a chicken earlier.
If the water bottle has a lid that just pulls
up and does not screw off, the bacteria from your hands get on the lid
that you
drink through. Even when you simply
drink from a water bottle, bacteria from your mouth will return to your
water
bottle by saliva and any water returning to the bottle (backwash).
Since food
particles also return you end up feeding the bacteria too. If you share
a water
bottle, even with a loved one, you can get their bacteria in your water
bottle.
Disease
Prevention
According
to the Center for Disease Control to prevent infectious diseases,
including those
caused by bacteria, a person should follow the following seven steps:
- Wash your
hands often
- Routinely
clean and disinfect Surfaces
- Handle
and prepare food safely
- Use
antibiotics appropriately
- Keep pets
healthy
- Avoid
contact with wild animals
- Get immunized13
Some of these steps will prevent
cross contamination. If you don’t do these
things you could end up
in a hospital room with a serious disease.
Antibiotics
Antibiotics are powerful drugs used
to treat illnesses
caused by bacteria. Antibiotics don’t
work against viruses and using unnecessary antibiotics can be harmful
since it
increases your chance of developing a drug-resistant bacteria. Common illnesses caused by bacteria include
most ear infections, some sinus infection, strep throat, and urinary
tract
infections. “Each antibiotic works against specific types of bacteria.
Some
destroy only one of two kinds of bacteria.”14
Antibiotics
work by
prevention of the bacteria’s cell wall formation, disruption of the
cell
membrane of the bacteria or the disruption of the bacteria’s chemical
processes. There are dangers to using
antibiotics. Some people are allergic to
antibiotics resulting in a reaction as mild as a rash to as severe as
death. Antibiotics can kill off the
harmless bacteria because the antibiotic does not always distinguish
between
bad and good bacteria. The harmless
bacteria that are killed are frequently in a person’s mouth or
digestive
organs. In rare cases, a
person’s
organs and tissues can be damaged.
According to Michelle Sviel, P.A., it is possible
for antibiotics to
kill enough in the mouth enough to prevent bacteria from a person’s
mouth to be
backwashed into a water bottle. If a
person uses antibiotics for a long time it can harm certain organs. Streptomycin has caused kidney damage and
deafness. Physicians prescribe antibiotics with high risks only when no
other
drug is effective.
Resistance is when bacteria tolerate
antibiotics that used
to kill them off. If this happens
stronger antibiotics are prescribed that might increase your risk for
reacting
to the stronger antibiotic and developing resistance to the stronger
antibiotic.
Bacteria and
Laboratory Safety
Experimental
science can be
dangerous because events can happen quickly while you are doing an
experiment. Basic procedures can help
prevent serious accidents and exposure to pathogens.
Good judgment or common sense is
critical. If there is any question about
the safety of a material or procedure the person should stop and find
out for
sure it is safe before they continue the experiment.
To avoid accidents, pay close attention to
your work, take your time and follow basic safety procedures For
working with
microorganisms you should follow these safety procedures:
Preparation
- Clear all
surfaces before beginning work.
- Read
through the whole experiment before you
start.
- Identify
hazardous procedures and anticipate
dangers.
Protection
- Follow
all directions step by step and do one
procedure at a time.
- Make
sure there is adequate ventilation.
- Do
not play around.
- Wear
protective gear such as goggles, gloves,
apron, or lab coat as needed.
- Do
not wear contact lenses, open shoes, or loose
clothing. Pull your hair back.
- Keep
floor and work space net, clean, and dry.
- Clean
up spills immediately and in the correct
manner.
- Do
not eat, drink, or smoke in the laboratory or
workspace.
Equipment
- Set
up apparatus far from the edge of the
desk.
- Use
knives and sharp or pointed instruments with
care.
- Pull
plugs and not cords when inserting and
removing electrical plugs.
- Do
not use your mouth to pipette use a suction
bulb or other devise.
- Clean
glassware before and after use.
- Check
glassware for scratches, cracks, and sharp
edges.
- Clean
up broken glassware immediately.
- Be
careful using stepstools, chairs, or ladders.
Heating
Instructions
- Use
goggles, apron or lab coat, and gloves when
boiling liquids.
- Keep
your face away from test tubes and beakers
- Never
leave heating apparatus unattended.
- Use
safety tongs and heat resistant mitts.
- Turn
off hot plates, Bunsen burners, and gas
when you are done.
- Keep
flammable substances away from heat.
- Have
a fire extinguisher on hand.
Working
with Microorganisms
- Assume
that all microorganisms are infectious
and handle them with care.
- Sterilize all
equipment being used to handle Microorganisms.
Finishing
Up
- Thoroughly
clean your work area and
equipment.
- Be
careful not to return chemicals or
contaminated items to the wrong containers.
- Don’t
dispose of materials in the sink unless
instructed to do so.
- Wash
your hands thoroughly.
- Clean
up all residues and properly dispose of
them.
- Dispose of all
chemicals according to local, state, and federal laws.15
No matter what,
remember to be safety conscious at all times.
Conclusion
To prevent bacterial illness we must
take precautions. We know the basics to
prevent getting sick,
like washing hands and covering our mouths when we cough.
Water bottles can become contaminated with
bacteria easily. Consumers need to take
more precautions to protect themselves from illness from the water in
their
water bottle.
|
|
<>BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Natasha. “Mineral Water Contamination
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Michelle, P.A., Personal Interview. January 16, 2004.
Tortora,
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“What
May be in Drinking Water That is Not Safe – Drinking Water Should You
be Concerned.” http://pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/children/healthyhome/water-7.pdf 1/12/04.
World
Book Encyclopedia. 2004 Edition. Volumes A (1) and B(2). Chicago,
IL.
2004.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First,
I would like to
thank Karissa Craig at Memorial Hospital Microbiology Laboratory for
guiding me
in the lab. Without her I would have
never been able to begin my experiment, let alone complete it. Thanks to Memorial Hospital who allows students like me to use their
facilities for special science experiments.
I would
like to thank
Mrs. Tullis at Lince Elementary School for letting me hand out surveys on their
water
bottle practices to the parents of first grade students.
The students did an awesome job at being
responsible for taking the surveys home and returning them. I would also like to thank the students’
parents for taking the time to help me out simply by completing the
surveys. I hope to see those first graders
participating in the science competition when they are in sixth grade.
I would
like to thank Mr.
Newkirk for getting me ready to go before both boards and giving me all
of the
paperwork I needed and informing me on the “project log”.
I would like to thank Mrs. Helms for just
making me feel at home when I had to stay late after school to go
before the
IRB and the SRC. I would like to thank
Mrs. Hostetler for signing the form that allowed me to participate in a
study
that uses human subjects and a pathogenic agent even when she disagreed
about my ability to handle such a project.
I would
like to thank
both the IRB and the SRC for approving my experiment because if they
didn’t
approve of my science experiment I would have never been able to so my
sciences
experiment.
I
also need to thank my parents. I would
like to thank my Dad for showing me the necessity of backing up my work. He provided for me so I could have the tools
needed to participate in this project. I
would like to thank my Mom for taking me to the library and showing me
where to
look for my research. She showed me what
information to write down to put in my bibliography.
My Mom also drove me to Memorial Hospital to
do my experiment. Without Mom and her
wheels I would have never been able to do my experiment or do the
necessary
research. When things weren’t going as
planned, she picked me up dusted me off and got me going again.
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